第二节 语法填空（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）
阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31～40的相应位置上。
In ancient times the most important examinations were spoken, not written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually consisted    31    saying poetry aloud or giving speeches.
In the European universities of the Middle Ages, students    32    (work) for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject.
Generally,    33   , modern examinations are written. The written examination,    34    all students are tested on the same questions, was probably not known    35    the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into    36    (exist) with the great increase in population and the development of modern industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination,    37    (time) exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers,    38    (appear) like a group of workers at an automobile factory. Certainly, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines.
One type of test is sometimes called as “objective” test. It is    39    (intend) to deal with facts, not personal opinions. To make up    40    objective test the teacher writes a series of questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like answers to students who have not learned the material properly.