Recently a new science behind incentives(激励),  _     (include) in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children  _    __  (do) better in school. __    _  some cases, he gave students incentives based on input(输入), like reading certain books, while in   __    _, the incentives    _      (base) on output, like results on exams. His main  _    _  (find) was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output. Fryer’s conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be   _    ____ (effect) because students do not know how to do better on an exam, apart from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a well-set task over    _    ___  they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have   _    __  much higher chance of success. And it’s easier to start again   _        you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.