Is gun play good or bad for children? For many years I emphasized its harmlessness. When concerned parents expressed doubt about letting their children have toy guns, because they didn’t want to encourage them in the slightest degree to become criminals, I would explain how little connection there was. In the course of growing up, children have a natural tendency to bring their aggressiveness more and more under control if their parents encourage this. One- to two-year-olds, when they are angry with another child, may bite the child’s arm without hesitation. But by 3 or 4 they have already learned that aggression is not right. However, they may pretend to shoot their mother or father, but smiling to assure them that the gun and the aggressive behaviour aren’t to be taken seriously.
In the 6- to 12-year-old period, children will play an earnest game of war, but it has lots of rules. There may be arguments, but real fights are relatively rare. At this age children don’t shoot at their mother or father, even in fun. It’s not that the parents have turned stricter; the children’s own conscience has. In adolescence aggressive feelings become much stronger, but well brought-up children can turn them into athletics and other competition or into kidding their friends.
In other words, I’d explain that playing at war is a natural step in the disciplining of the aggression of young children; that a cautious parent doesn’t really need to worry about producing a criminal.
But nowadays I’d give parents much more encouragement to guide their child away from violence. A number of incidents have convinced me of the importance of this.
One of the first things that made me change my mind, several years ago, was an observation that an experienced nursery school teacher told me about. Her children were hitting each other much more than previously, without reason. When she talked to them, they would protest, “But that’s what the Three Stooges do.” (This was a children’s TV program full of violence which immediately became very popular.)
What further shocked me into reconsidering my view was the assassination(暗杀）of the former President, and the fact that some schoolchildren cheered about this. (I didn’t so much blame the children as I blamed the kind of parents who will say about a President they dislike, “I’d shoot him if I got the chance!”）
These incidents made me think of other evidences that Americans often tolerate lawlessness and violence. We were hard on the Indians and the later waves of immigrants. At times we denied justice to groups with different religions or political views. And now a great percentage of our adult as well as our child population has been endlessly fascinated with dramas of Western violence and with cruel crime stories, in movies and on television. This doesn’t necessarily mean that we Americans on the average have more aggressiveness inside us than the people of other nations. I think rather that the aggressiveness we have is less controlled, from childhood on.
To me it seems very clear that in order to have a more stable and civilized national life we must bring up the next generation of Americans with a greater respect for law and for other people’s rights than in the past. There are many ways in which we could and should teach these attitudes. One simple opportunity we could seize in the first half of childhood is to show our disapproval of lawlessness and violence in television programs and in children’s gun play.
I also believe that the survival of the world now depends on a much greater awareness of the need to avoid war and to actively seek peaceful agreements. There are enough nuclear arms to completely destroy all civilization. This terrifying situation demands a much greater stability and self-control on the part of national leaders and citizens than they have ever shown in the past. We owe it to our children to prepare them deliberately for this awesome responsibility.
The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refers to______.

A．controlling their aggressiveness

B．playing with toy guns

C．aggressive behavior

D．the course of growing up

Based on the author’s view about the relationship between children’s aggressiveness and their age, which of the following is true?

A．A 2-year old boy knows that it is not correct to behave aggressively.

B．The older children become, the less aggressive they will be.

C．6- to 12-year-olds enjoy war games but develop them into argument and serious fights.

D．Adolescents’ aggressiveness is often displayed in the form of competition.

What conclusion does the author intend to draw from the story told by the nursery school teacher?

A．Watching violence can lower a child’s standard of behaviour.

B．Violent TV programs should be banned in nursery schools.

C．Children are generally lawless or violent nowadays. I

D．It is acceptable to let children have toy guns

What does Paragraph 7 mainly talk about?

A．Examples showing that Americans are more aggressive than other nations.

B．Evidences proving that America has a long history of lawlessness and violence.

C．The idea that children are less able to put their aggressiveness under control.

D．More reasons why the author changed his view on the main issue of the article.

What is a must if people intend to enjoy stability and civilized national life?

A．To show disapproval of gun play in television programs.

B．To make people aware that there are already enough nuclear arms.

C．To elect national leaders with greater stability and self-control.

D．To bring up children who show more respect for the law and others’ rights.

Which of the following serves best as the title of the article?

A．How Does Age Influence Aggressiveness?

B．Are American Children Becoming More Aggressive?

C．Should Children Play With Guns?

D．What Should Parents Teach Their Children