高中英语任务型阅读试题

English is currently one of the most widely spoken and written languages worldwide, with some 380 million native speakers, who live in the UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries. It is spoken as an official language or second language in countries such as India and Nigeria. In these countries, English is the language of the government, newspapers, radios and TV stations. Besides, it is one of the working languages of the UN as well.
And there are some other facts about English you might be interested in knowing.
Over 700 million people, speak English, as a foreign language.
Did you know that of all the world's languages (over 2,700), English is the richest in vocabulary; and that the Oxford English Dictionary lists about 500,000 words,
Five of the largest broadcasting companies in the world (CBS, NBC, ABC, BBC and CBC) broadcast in English, reaching millions and millions of people all over the world.
It is said that over 90 percent of Internet web pages and over 80 per cent of the world’s emails are in English.
As a foreign language, it is learnt in almost all non- English speaking countries. In China, for example, it is not just students who learn English, but also many adults.
Although there are some differences between the English spoken in different countries, people from these countries usually have no problems communicating with each other.

English is one of the most widely        languages.
Facts	Detailed information
English-speaking countries	The UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa…
Official or working language	India, Nigeria and
Widespread use	On the radio, on the web page, and in
	With 500,000 words in Oxford English Dictionary
Conclusion	Despite the        that exist, people have no difficulty in communicating.

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The business world has become very competitive these days and every company is trying its best to increase its market share. However, only those people who can effectively reach out to their customers can win in this race. Advertising is one of the best tools to reach millions of people and explain to them the quality and feature of your product. Though internet advertising, television advertising and radio advertising have appeared as the most popular forms of advertising in this modern age, you cannot ignore the importance of newspaper advertising.
Choosing the most popular newspaper is one of the most important newspaper advertising tips for all businessmen. While placing an ad, you must realize how popular the newspaper is. The more the readers are, the more the customers you will get. Though popular newspapers would be more expensive, it is advisable to go with them to expect a good response from people.
The wording of the advertisement is very important because that will attract people to the products of your company. The wording should be simple, easy to understand and grammatically correct.
The overall appearance of the advertisement should also be good and attractive. Your ad can be a little bigger in size. A colored ad with the content written in a stylish manner can get more attention.
Positioning your advertisement at the right place is very important. Generally, it is believed that the ads on the first few pages and those at the top of the newspaper would get more attention. There are many columns in newspapers under which the ads are printed, so your ad should be placed in the right section.
The above newspaper advertising tips will help you grow your business greatly. So use them for your own benefit and achieve your goals successfully.
Title ：Newspaper advertising

Reason for advertising	With more and more       in the business world, many companies are making use of advertising to reach out to many customers and increase their market share.
Different advertising	Internet advertising , television advertising, radio advertising and newspaper advertising are all very
Newspaper advertising tips	Popularity	Be ______of how popular the newspaper is. Though popular newspapers would be higher in     ,going with them will ensure a good response from people.
Wording	The wording of the advertisement will make your products      to people. The wording should be simple, easy to understand and correct in     .
	You can have a slightly bigger and      ad with the content written in a stylish manner.
Positioning	The ads on the first few pages and those at the       of the newspaper would get more customer attention and you should place your ad in the right section.

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The expression, “everybody’s doing it,” is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure. It is a strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everybody else does. It can be positive or negative. Most people experience it in some way during their lives.
People are social creatures by nature, and so it is hardly surprising that part of their self-respect comes from the approval of others. This instinct (天性) is why the approval of peers, or the fear of disapproval, is such a powerful force in many people’s lives. It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work, or to answer “fine” when a stranger asks “how are you?” even if it is not necessarily true. There is a practical aspect to this: it helps society to function efficiently, and encourages a general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interaction.
For certain individuals, seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction; in order to satisfy the desire, they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong. Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs, or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior. Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work, or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to “keep up with the Joneses.”
However, peer pressure is not always negative. A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades. Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win. This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs, or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one. Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.
Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure. They teach kids to stand up and be themselves, and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong. Similarly, it can be helpful to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups.

Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the passage.
Kids and Ponds

Years ago there was a group of kids who would hang around at some local ponds in the woods near their houses in Warwick, Rhode Island. In summer they caught frogs and fish. When winter arrived they couldn't wait to go skating. Time passed, and the ponds became the only open space for the kids to enjoy themselves in that neighborhood.
One day. a thirteen-year-old boy from this group of kids read in the local newspaper that a developer wanted to fill in the ponds and build over a hundred small houses called condominiums. So the boy went door to door and gathered more than two hundred signatures (签名）to stop the development A group of citizens met and decided to support him.
At the meeting of the town planning board (委员会)，the boy was quite nervous at first and spoke very softly. But when he saw the faces of his friends and neighbors in the crowd and thought about what was happening to their favorite ponds，his voice grew louder. He told the town officials that they should speak for the citizens. He also insisted that they should leave enough space for children. A few days later，the developer stopped his plan.
Nine years later, when that teen was a senior in college, he was informed that the developer was back with his proposal to build condominiums. Now twenty-two years old, he was studying wetlands ecology. He again appeared before the town planning board. This time as an expert witness, he used environmental protection laws to explain restrictions on development in and around wetlands and the knowledge of wetlands ecology to help improve the development. Finally some condominiums were built, but less than half the number the developer wanted. The ponds where those kids used to hang around were protected by a strip of natural land，and are still there today.

1．	What did the kids like to do at the local ponds in winter? (No more than 6 words)

2．	How did the boy win the citizens' support? (No more than 10 words)

3．	What did the boy tell the town officials? (No more than 16 words)

4．	What helped the boy to protect the ponds successfully nine years later? (No more than 12 words)

Many of us invest valuable time，energy and money planning our vacations. We do this because we know for sure that going on vacations must be good for us. Research proves this feeling without a doubt. Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.
Yet, despite these benefits, many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was OK - but not great. In order to change this, some mistakes should be avoided. A classic one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many components (组成部分)• Perhaps you're planning a trip to Europe, seven cities in 10 days，and you realize it will cost only a little more to add two more destinations to the list Sounds fine in theory, but hopping from one place to the next hardly gives an opportunity to experience what psychologists call mindfulness - time to take in our new surroundings, time to be present and absorb our travel experiences. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues such as how to find a good flight deal，how to get from A to B，or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey. These issues may seem important, but our psychological state of mind is far more important.
Actually, vacation happiness is based on the following top rules. First, choose your travel companions wisely, because nothing contributes more significantly to a trip than the right companions. Second，don't spend your vacation time in a place where everything is too expensive so as to maintain a positive mood. Third, shop wisely, for meaningful experiences provide more long-term happiness than physical possessions.

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Many people believe that classical music is not relevant music is not relevant to young people today . However, this issue (问题) frequently causes heated debate.
Some people say that classical music is associated only with old people .For example, if you look at the audience at a classical concert , the majority is over the age of fifty.
Others say it is more popular than we first imagine . Many young people listen to classical music without realising .It is often used in films and advertisements. For example.a famous piece of classical music was used as the theme music for the 1990 World Cup . Not many people could have given its name , but millions enjoyed it .
Also,some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas: for example, it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912, but it is now used by young people in pop music.
However, young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越) by technology. To play a classical instrument, such as a violin, you need to study hard and practise for hours. Nowadays, you don't need to get aching arms from practising. A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.
A final point to in mind is that the term "classical music" is used to refer to a great variety of music, from jazz to pieces  for large orchestras(管弦乐队).This makes it even more difficult to say whether classical music is relevant to young people.
So, it may be only a minority of young people who play classical instruments , but when it comes to enjoying classical music, it depends on the piece of music. It may be more relevant to young people in the modern world than they realise!

Title	Classical Music
Introduction	The issue of whether classical music is        to young people causes heated debate.
Opinions	Evidence
★ Classical music is associated only with old peonl.	☆     of the audience at a classical concert are over fifty.
★ Many young people don’t      some music they listen to is classical.	☆ Classical music is often found in films and advertisements.
★ Classical ideas provide a     for producing new music.	☆ Young people now      rap in popular music.
★     has put classical music at a disadvantage.	☆ A young man can write and make music on a computer       in his bedroom.
★ “Classical music”can refer to various       of music.	☆ Classical music       from jazz to pieces for large orchestras.
Conclusion	Classical music may still be       by young people today.

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Does reading great literature expand our imagination and better our moral and social sensibilities? For most people, it’s just wishful thinking because there’s no evidence that people are morally or socially better for reading Tolstoy or other great books.
But just hold on a second there. Actually, there is such evidence, says US writer Annie Murphy Paul. She argues in Time magazine that “deep reading”, as opposed to browsing web pages, makes us nicer and smarter.
Her evidence includes several studies carried out by some psychologists.
One is based in Canada. Two psychologists found that individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, sympathize with them and view the world from their perspective.
But this improvement is only possible if we do deep reading, which isn’t just about understanding the meaning of each word, Paul explains. Deep reading is “slow, devoted, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity”. Through processing details, comparisons, and other literary device, the reader’s brain creates a mental representation as if the scene were unfolding in real life.
It’s said that reading a good book is like falling in love with the writer. Paul cites another study by psychologist Victor Nell from a university in South Africa, who found that when readers are enjoying the experience most, the pace of their reading slows.
The combination of fast, fluent understanding of words and slow, unhurried progress on the page gives deep readers tie to enrich their reading with their own thoughts, analysis, memories and opinions. It’s as if reader and writer were engaged in a deep and real conversation, like people falling in love.
None of this is possible when we browse web pages. We will eventually lose the ability to appreciate our literary heritage because novels, poems and other kinds of literature can be understood only by readers whose brains are trained to read them. And even some educators just meet young people where they are by adapting education to their onscreen habits.
With the electronic devices spreading universally, Paul warms, deep reading has become an endangered practice. We should care about how we read as much as what we read. So pick up a book, sit back, and let a spiritual journey begin that will take you places only deep reading can.

________	Deep reading makes people better
Common belief	It has not been _______ that people are morally or socially better for reading literature.
Present studies	Canadian study ●Fiction readers _______ to be more considerate towards other people. ●Deep reading helps_____ a mental representation in the readers’ brain
South-African study ●Deep readers will slow down when their reading experience is most_______. ●Deep readers can _______ their reading with their own thoughts, analysis, memories and opinions.
_______	●Without _______ their brains to read literature, people are losing the ability to appreciate it. ●Some educators blindly _______ education to students’ onscreen habits.
Suggestion	We should care about the ______ we read as much as the contents.

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Young children learn by imagining and doing. Have you ever watched a child pick up a stone and pretend it is a racing car? He is using an object to represent something else. But this pretend(假想的)play is not as simple as it may seem. The process of pretending builds skills in many areas.
As children play pretend games, they explore relationships between people and learn more about how people communicate. Playing doctor, they imagine how physicians care for their patients. Playing house, they learn more about how parents feel about their children. If children can imagine how it feels to be left out of a game or to lose a pet, they are better able to help those in need. They become more willing to play fair and share.
Listen in as children play with toys or friends and you will probably hear some words and phrases you never thought they knew! In fact, we often hear our words reflected in the play of children. Pretend play helps children understand the power of language. In addition, playing pretend games with others helps children to make the connection between spoken and written language---a skill that will later help them to read.
Pretend play provides children with a variety of problems to handle. Whether it’s two children waiting to play the same role or searching for the just right material to make a roof for the playhouse, they call upon thinking skills that will be used in every aspect of their life, now and forever.
Encourage your children to use their imagination---it’s not just fun, but builds skills too.!

Topic	Importance of encouraging children’s           .
Introduction	Pretend play is not just as       as it may seem, but builds skills in many areas.
from children’s pretend play	◆ Develop        skills. Children learn to communicate through      relationships between people. Children become more willing to play fair and share. ◆Practise language skills. ·Children can understand the    of language. ·Children can       spoken and written language. ◆Practise thinking skills. ·Children learn to deal with      problems. ·Children will       such skills in their future life.
Conclusion	Children will not only have      but build skills in pretend play.

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The World Bank, the United Nations and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease.
Doctors say, many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms(寄生虫), influenza(流感), the common cold, hepatitis(肝炎) A, meningitis(脑 膜炎) and infectious diarrhea(腹泻).
Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, nose or mouth, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people.
The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean.
The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water. They say you do not have to use special antibacterial  soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds.  The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse(冲洗) the hands with water and dry them.
Title:      

	Hand-washing could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious diseases.
Many can be prevented.	Pinworms, influenza, the common cold, hepatitis A, meningitis and infectious diarrhea.
to   do hand-washing	●Before and after preparing      . ●Before eating and after using the   . ●After cleaning a baby. ●After handling money and after sneezing or    coughing. ●When there is a         in your home.
to   do hand-washing	●Rubbing them together while using       and warm water. ●Rubbing all areas of the hands for about 10-15 seconds and rinsing the hands with water and dry them.
How hand-washing works	Hand-washing     up  germs  from  other  people,  animals  or  objects  a person has touched.

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People who enjoy a dream-filled sleep are better at recalling information and making links between facts when waking. But recharging with a shallow nap（小睡）offers no such mental improvement, the research suggests. The results of the study add to the growing body of evidence that Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is very important to the brain’s ability to from strong memories.
An average night’s rest includes four or five spells of REM sleep, but these bursts tend to be lengthier towards the end of the night. This means adults getting less than the recommended seven to eight hours a night – and therefore adequate REM sleep—may be damaging their mind’s ability to memorize. Although REM sleep is not classified as a type of deep sleep, it is only reached after the brain has passed through deep sleep stages.
In the recent study, participants were shown groups of three words and asked to find another word that can be associated with all three words. They were tested once in the morning and then given the same task again in the afternoon. In between, some were allowed a nap with REM sleep, some a nap without REM sleep, while the others had a quiet rest period. The quiet rest and non-REM sleep groups didn’t improve, but the REM sleep group improved on their morning performance by an average of almost 40 per cent. Dr Sara Mednick, a sleep researcher at the University of California who led the study, believes the formation of connections between previously unassociated information in the brain occurs during REM sleep.       
It is believed that sleep acts as a sort of mental filing system, enabling the brain to sort relevant information from useless information. This process may take place as memories are removed from one part of the brain to others.

Title	REM sleep        to memory
The result of the study	Rapid Eye Movement sleep is of great importance to the brain’s ability to     memories
The      of the study	◆      were required to think of another word associated with all three words. ◆The same task was given to participants          a day. ◆The quiet rest and non-REM sleep groups showed no         . ◆The REM sleep group        well by an average of almost 40 per cent.
Dr Sara Mednick’s	Connections between previously unassociated information in the brain are         during REM sleep.
Conclusion	Sleep acts as a sort of mental filing system, enabling the brain to abandon useless information and keep the         information.

How do you find happiness every single day? How do you get more out of life and live life to the fullest? There are three easy ways to help you to enjoy your daily life.
One way to find happiness within you is to show your appreciation(感激) to others. Showing appreciation not only gives happiness to others, but also we can receive happiness in return by writing a letter of appreciation and for the response we get. Take two post-it notes and write one post-it of appreciation for your classmate or your friend and the other for your parents and you will gain the happiness you feel within and the joy you receive in return. It doesn’t cost any money; it’s simple and very rewarding(值得的).
Often maybe you are strict with yourself by telling yourself you could have done things better. Have a look at your life and think about where you are and what you have achieved today. Often you maybe forget the achievements during the journey of your life and you need to be reminded (提醒). Take 5 minutes right now to write down what you have achieved in life and what you are proud of. Go over the list and tell yourself what a wonderful person you are and what a great job you have done.
Have you ever kept a diary? Sometimes writing things down will give you a clear thinking and allows you to let go of things. When you write in a diary, you have the ability to express yourself as you truly would like to be. Writing is a part of inner peace, which is a road towards happiness. Take 5 minutes every day to write your ideas and thoughts in your diary. By doing so, you will find inner peace and a sense of happiness.
Each of the above three easy steps takes only 15 minutes. Not only can it produce happiness for you, but also it will help others be in good feeling the whole day. Why not have a try right now?

Title:  to find happiness
Showing appreciation to others	●Write  to give happiness to others and receive happiness in    . ●Send two post-it notes to your classmate or friend, and parents. ●Feel  after you show your appreciation.
Appreciating yourself	●Write down your    and what you are proud of. ●Keep the      as a reminder that you are a wonderful person and have done a great job.
Having a conversation with	●Writing will make you think      . ●You will find a feeling of being      and happy by writing in your diary.
Conclusion(结论)	Do as any of the       steps mentioned above tells you to do, and you will find more happiness and bring happiness to others.

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Earth Hour is a global WWF ( formerly known as World Wildlife Fund ) climate change initiative(倡议). This event calls for everyone to stand up and take responsibility towards a sustainable future. Earth Hour is not to be confused with Earth Day.
Millions of people turned off their lights for Earth Hour at 8:30 pm (20: 30) in their local times on the last Saturday of March. Iconic buildings and landmarks from Europe to Asia to the Americas have stood in darkness during previous Earth Hours. Some people enjoy Earth Hour with a candle-lit dinner or a candle-lit bath, while others host large events or parties, either in darkness or with candles, to celebrate Earth Hour. Businesses and government organizations, as well as community and political leaders also take part in Earth Hour. It’s about giving people a voice on the planet’s future and working together to create a sustainable low carbon future for planet earth.
Earth Hour started in Sydney, Australia, in 2007. This event saw 2.2 million homes and businesses turn their lights off for one hour to make their stand against climate change that year. Earth Hour had become a global sustainability movement with more than 50 million people across 35 countries participating in 2008. Global landmarks such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the CN Tower in Toronto, the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and Rome’s Colosseum, all stood in darkness for Earth Hour. In March 2009, hundreds of millions of people took part in the third Earth Hour.
WWF, which organizes the annual Earth Hour event, aims to stop the damage of the earth’s natural environment. It also focuses on building a future where people live in harmony with nature. The organization functions through a network of more than 90 offices in more than 40 countries worldwide. Its first office was found in Morges, Switzerland, on September 11, 1961.
Lights     for Earth Hour

Main points	Supporting details
____	Earth Hour is a global WWF climate change initiative, which__to increase public awareness of climate change.
What do people do ?	Millions of people turned off their lights at 8:30pm(20:30) in their local times on the last Saturday of March. Some people enjoy Earth Hour with their candles___ during dinner or bath. Others choose to_ __ large events or parties, either in darkness or with candles, to celebrate Earth Hour. Some organizations, as well as community and political leaders are also___  in Earth Hour.
Background	Earth Hour, _ _ in Sydney, Australia, in 2007, saw 2.2 million homes and businesses turn their lights off for one hour that year. _ __ 50 million people across 35 countries participate in 2008. In March 2009, hundreds of millions of people took part in the 3^rd Earth Hour. WWF organizes the annual Earth Hour event to stop the damage of the earth’s natural environment and ____ a future where people live in _ __with nature

I used to be the messiest person alive．Over the years, through watching others and by trial and error, I have finally found ways to come up with plans, organize them and follow through with them．
Make an outline of everything you need to have and do to make your plan happen．Make a list of all of the steps that need to be accomplished and think about what needs to be done．
Detail everything thoroughly and read over it so you can start coming up with some mental solutions of how to carry out your plans．
You should ensure that if for some reason way one doesn’t work, you have way two and way three to lean back on．Therefore, different ways are needed at hand．It’s just a matter of being organized．Chances are that there is always more than one way of doing things, and chances are that if one of those ways doesn’t work, one of the other ones will．
Committing yourself to finishing at least part if not all of your plan at once is also necessary．It will show that you not only have initiative to get things rolling, but that you are interested in the results obtained with making the move to get everything done．
If you make a commitment to finish before a specific time, make sure that you carry that out, and be sure to do everything in the way you said you would, within the time-frame you set for yourself．
Don’t try to tackle more things all at a time．All that does is delay your progress, distract you and make you lose your interest, motivation and energy．
Carrying out an effective plan requires being as organized as possible．You will only achieve this by sticking to the order of the plan and not deviating or trying to do more at a time．
Last but not least, you should never abandon things mid-project．It will only annoy everyone around you including yourself．Unfinished plans are a waste of time, energy and, in some cases, even money．
So, don’t be afraid of organization．The older we get, the more necessary it becomes to have the skills to follow through with confidence and to be able to carry through plans in an organized and manageable way．It pays to be organized, after all．

Title: Tips on how to be_____________ in your life
Tips	Details	_______________
________ down your plan	◆List everything you need ◆List the__________ you will follow	To make your plan happen
Prepare three__________ ways to carry out your plan		To _________ that you can have some other choices when one way doesn’t work.
__________ to finish at least part of your plan if not all	Do everything____________ your own time-frame	To show yourself you are determined to get things started and caring about the results.
Do one thing at once	Stick to the order of your plan	To save your interest, motivation and energy
Finish what you have started		To get your plan__________out   thoroughly．
______________
You shouldn’t be afraid of organization because it’s really worthwhile．

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Becoming a fireman is a challenging and competitive job today. A fireman’s main duty is decided by the fighting and extinguishment(熄灭) of fire which definitely requires being a strong man, both mentally and physically.
The duty of a fireman includes protection of life and property of the public. They are the servicemen who are decisively selected by an organization to deal with situations like fire. Such type of jobs is one of those few jobs where service is provided for innocent people when they need help immediately. This may include rescuing people from a building at fire, providing them with medical facilities, extinguishing fire in a house or in a large commercial building. Serving people is the main purpose of these professionals（职业）. The satisfaction which a fireman gets from this type of job cannot be compared to any other profession in the world.
Such profession requires top-level commitment and professionalism from those who have chosen it as a career. Fireman should have the highest level of courage and patience to put their lives in danger for the sake of others. They undergo lessons of maintaining patience for long hours and go through complete preparation to become successful and well-organized professional firemen. There are certain tests that are recommended before becoming a fireman.
It’s not that easy to become a fireman nowadays. A fireman is supposed to deal with unexpected situations, and they should be skilled at communicating with others and be self-disciplined at the same time.
In order to be a good fireman, one must undergo（经历、接受） strict local fire department’s training program after passing all the tests. All the fire departments conclude a two-to-four-month course, including classroom training and practical training that cover firefighting techniques, fire avoidance, dangerous materials and urgent situation medical actions. Completing this training, trainees go through the department’s trial period of service that can last from three to six months, depending on the methods of selection.
Firemen usually work both indoors and outdoors. They have to be on duty at all times and mostly work in shifts of at least 8 hours. They are also provided with several benefits which include medical aid plan, pension fund, annual leave and many more.
Title: Fireman

Definition	The servicemen decisively selected by an organization to ()_______ situations like fire.
()	● Helping innocent people ()        they need help. ● Rescuing people from a building at-fire and providing them with medical facilities. ● ()         out fire in a house or in a large commercial building.
Requirements	● Having top-level commitment and professionalism. ● Being courageous and ()          . ● Being strong both in body and () _________. ● Having good ()       skills. ● Being self-disciplined.
()	● Firefighting techniques, fire avoidance, dangerous materials and urgent situation medical actions. ● The department’s trial period of service which possibly ()_________ 3～6 months.
()	Medical aid plans, pension fund, annual leave and many more.

Of the hundreds of self-change techniques that have been suggested over the centuries, perhaps only a dozen are totally different. Researchers have tried to see which ones work best.
Three techniques deserve special mention: they’re powerful, simple and easy to learn. what’s more, individuals who have made successful changes in their lives—changes in eating habits, career paths, coping strategies, and so on—often rely on one or more of the three techniques.
To get yourself started in a new direction, try the Three M’s:
Modify(改变)your environment
The power of modifying one’s space has been well displayed in studies since it was reported in the 1960s for the first time. Psychologist Richard Stuart showed in the 1960s that overweight women could lose pounds by modifying both their eating behavior and “stimulus environment” — for example, eating from smaller plates and confining all food to the kitchen.
People who have never tried this are astonished by the enormous effect it often has. I’ve known several people who have overcome nail-biting simply by buying 50 nail files and distributing them everywhere: in their pockets, their desks and their bedrooms. With a nail file always within reach, they tended to groom rather than bite. To change yourself, change your world.
Monitor your behavior
I’ve been reading research studies on self-monitoring for 20 years, and I’ve conducted some myself. The fact is, if you monitor what you do, you’ll probably do better.
Weigh yourself regularly and you may well start to lose weight. Keep a record of what you eat and you’ll probably start eating more wisely.
A study by Canadian researchers showed that teenagers arrived more promptly at a swim practice when they were given an attendance sheet to record their arrival times. Sonya Carr and Rebecca Punzo reported that self-monitoring improves academic performance of emotionally disturbed children in reading, mathematics and spelling. Dozens of studies have similar results, all inspired by heightening our awareness of our behavior.
Make commitments
When you commit yourself to another person, you establish a possibility of reinforcement
(后效强化)；you’ve automatically arranged for a reward if you stick to it and a punishment if you don’t. It puts some pressure on you, and that’s often just what you need.
For instance, if you want to exercise more, arrange to do it with a friend. If you don’t show up, your friend will get angry, and that may be just the ticket to keeping you punctual
(准时的). In 1994 Dana Putnam and other researchers showed that patients who made written commitments were far more likely to take prescribed medicine than patients who hadn’t
There’s good news here for all of us. We can meet many of the demands and overcome many of the challenges of life with simple skills that anyone can master and that don’t require willpower-in other words, with skill, not will.
Change your bad habits to good

Paragraph outline	Supporting details
Introduction	·Most of self-change techniques that have been suggested before are_____ ·People who are____in making changes in their lives often rely on one or more of the Three M’s
Modify your____	·Those who have never tried this method can__enormously from it ·Several people have overcome nail-biting with a nail file always_____reach
____your behavior	·If you monitor what you do, you are very____to do better ·The more you become_____of what you’re doing, the better you will perform
Make commitments	·Committing yourself to someone else will pressure you to carry it out, which helps reward yourself ·The patients who made written commitments probably___medicine  as instructed by doctors
Conclusion	Anyone can satisfy most of his demands and overcome most of the challenges with simple skills____ than great willpower