2019年全国统一高考英语试卷（上海卷）

After reading the passage below ， fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word ， fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word ； for the other blanks ， use one word that best fits each blank.

Millions of Baby Olive Ridley Turtles Emerge in Orissa

   Nature is full of wonders． In （1） 　      　is one of the most breathtaking sights in nature， millions of baby Ridley turtles broke out of their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa． The baby turtles started their journey towards the Bay of Bengal （2） 　      　they emerged from their nest in the southern district of Ganjam， about 175 km from Bhubaneshwar．

   Orissa is the home to three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles， a species （3） 　      　（threaten） with extinction， and one of the sites， Gahirmatha，（4） 　      　around 70 to 80 million turtles lay eggs on the beach every year， is considered one of the world's largest nesting sites．

   The female turtles drag （5） 　      　up the beach from the sea， dig a nest， lay at least one hundred eggs， cover and conceal their eggs and nest， and then return to the sea． The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that （6） 　      　（deposit） in the warm sand．

   The baby turtles emerge from the eggs after 45 60 days， then the babies grow without their mother， which is a rare phenomenon in nature， Interestingly， it is on the same beach where they were born （7） 　      　the females lay their eggs．

In the recent years， sea erosion has led to many turtles' nest （8） 　      　（damage） or destroyed． Also， some fierce animals such as dogs and birds （9） 　      　（reduce） the number of nesting turtles． And of course man has also had a negative impact （10）

　      　using engine﹣powered fishing boats near the turtles' nesting grounds．

Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Myopia， or short﹣sightedness， is a condition in which distant objects appear blurred （模糊的）， but closer objects can usually be seen in sharp focus． Its biological basis is an eye that， during childhood， has grown too long for its optical power． The focal plane for images of distant objects ends up in front of the retina， causing out﹣of （1） 　 　perception．

   Myopia was once regarded as almost totally genetically （2） 　 　． But its prevalence （流行） has increased spectacularly in urban mainland China， Hong Kong， Taiwan， Singapore， Japan and South Korea， where 80﹣90% of those completing high school are now short﹣sighted． This is up from 20﹣30% only two generations ago． Since gene pools do not change that fast， these massive changes must be due to（3） 　 　change． In 2005， we （4） 　 　reviewed the research on myopia and found a correlation with education． （This was not a particularly novel insight： such a link was supposed as far back as Kepler in 1604．） We found locations with a high prevalence of myopia were all top performers in surveys of international educational outcomes．

   Fortunately， not all high （5） 　 　locations， Australia among them， showed a high prevalence of myopia． This shows that high educational outcomes do not necessarily lead to myopia． We also hypothesized that all human population groups had a tendency to develop myopia under particular environmental conditions． Indeed． North America and Europe have seen growing rates of myopia， although they are still nowhere near as high as in East and Southeast Asia．

   A common cutoff for high myopia is 5 diopters （屈光度）． This means vision is blurred beyond 20cm from the eyes． Such severe or high myopia increases with age and can lead to visual impairment that can't be corrected． The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia， which foreshadows major increases in visual （6） 　 　and blindness as these young adults age． So prevention of myopia has become crucial， particularly for East and Southeast Asia．

Australia has （7） 　 　low levels of myopia with a lifestyle that emphasizes outdoors activities． Young children report spending two to three hours a day outside， not （8） 　 　time outdoors at school． However， there are formidable barriers to achieving this benchmark in locations where spending time outdoors is seen as a（n）（9） 　 　from study． Policy responses must therefore also aim to slow the progression of myopia， the phenomenon in which mild to （10） 　 　myopia becomes more severe during childhood． There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression， but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may．

We're told that writing is dying． Typing on keyboards and screens （1） 　 　written communication today． Learning cursive （草书）， joined﹣up handwriting was once （2） 　 　in schools． But now， not so much． Countries such as Finland have dropped joined﹣up handwriting lessons in schools （3） 　 　typing courses． And in the U． S．， the requirement to learn cursive has been left out of core standards since 2013． A few U． S． states still place value on formative cursive education， such as Arizona， but they're not the（4） 　 　．

   Some experts point out that writing lessons can have indirect （5） 　 　． Anne Trubek， author of The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting， argues that such lessons can reinforce a skill called automaticity． That's when you've perfected a task， and can do it almost without thinking． （6） 　 　you extra mental bandwidth to think about or do other things while you're doing the task． In this sense， Trubek likens handwriting to （7） 　 　．

   "Once you have driven for a while， you don't （8） 　 　think 'Step on gas now'（or） 'Turn the steering wheel a bit'，" she explains． "You just do it． That's what we want children to （9） 　 　when learning to write． You and I don't think 'now make a loop going up for the 'I' or 'now look for the letter 'r' on the keyboard'．" Trubek has written many essays and books on handwriting， and she doesn't believe it will die out for a very long time， "if ever"． But she believes students are learning automaticity faster with keyboards than with handwriting： students are learning how to type without looking at the keys at （10） 　 　ages， and to type faster than they could write， granting them extra time to think about word choice or sentence structure． In a piece penned （if you'll pardon the expression） for the New York Times last year， Trubek argued that due to the improved automaticity of keyboards， today's children may well become better communicators in text as （11） 　 　takes up less of their education． This is a（n）（12） 　 　that has attracted both criticism and support．

   She explains that two of the most common arguments she hears from detractors regarding the decline of handwriting is that not （13） 　 　it will result in a "loss of history" and a "loss of personal touch"．

   On the former she （14） 　 　that 95% of handwritten manuscripts can't be read by the average person anyway "that's why we have paleographers，" she explains， paleography being the study of ancient styles of writing while the latter refers to the warm （15） 　 　we give to handwritten personal notes， such as thank﹣you cards． Some educators seem to agree， at least to an extent．

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All I had to do for the two dollars was clean her house for a few hours after school． It was a beautiful house， too， with a plastic﹣covered sofa and chairs， wall﹣to﹣wall blue﹣and﹣white carpeting， a white enamel stove， a washing machine and a dryer things that were common in her neighborhood， absent in mine． In the middle of the war， she had butter， sugar， steaks， and seam﹣up﹣the﹣back stockings．

   I knew how to scrub floors on my knees and how to wash clothes in our zinc tub， but I had never seen a Hoover vacuum cleaner or an iron that wasn't heated by fire．

   Part of my pride in working for her was earning money I could squander （浪费）： on movies， candy， paddleball， jacks， ice﹣cream cones． But a larger part of my pride was based on the fact that I gave half my wages to my mother， which meant that some of my earnings were used for real things an insurance﹣policy payment or what was owed to the milkman or the iceman． The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound． I was not like the children in folktales： burdensome mouths to feed， nuisances to be corrected， problems so severe that they were abandoned to the forest． I had a status that doing routine chores in my house did not provide and it earned me a slow smile， an approving nod from an adult． Confirmations that I was adultlike， not childlike．

   In those days， the forties， children were not just loved or liked； they were needed． They could earn money； they could care for children younger than themselves； they could work the farm， take care of the herd， run errands （差事）， and much more． I suspect that children aren't needed in that way now． They are loved， doted on， protected， and helped． Fine， and yet…

   Little by little， I got better at cleaning her house good enough to be given more to do， much more． I was ordered to carry bookcases upstairs and， once， to move a piano from one side of a room to the other． I fell carrying the bookcases． And after pushing the piano my arms and legs hurt so badly． I wanted to refuse， or at least to complain， but I was afraid she would fire me， and I would lose the freedom the dollar gave me， as well as the standing I had at home although both were slowly being eroded． She began to offer me her clothes， for a price． Impressed by these worn things， which looked simply gorgeous to a little girl who had only two dresses to wear to school， I bought a few． Until my mother asked me if I really wanted to work for castoffs． So I learned to say "No， thank you" to a faded sweater offered for a quarter of a week's pay．

   Still， I had trouble summoning （鼓起） the courage to discuss or object to the increasing demands she made． And I knew that if I told my mother how unhappy I was she would tell me to quit． Then one day， alone in the kitchen with my father， I let drop a few whines about the job． I gave him details， examples of what troubled me， yet although he listened intently， I saw no sympathy in his eyes． No "Oh， you poor little thing．" Perhaps he understood that what I wanted was a solution to the job， not an escape from it． In any case， he put down his cup of coffee and said， "Listen． You don't live there． You live here． With your people． Go to work． Get your money． And come on home．"

   That was what he said． This was what I heard：

   Whatever the work is， do it well    not for the boss but for yourself．

   You make the job： it doesn't make you．

   Your real life is with us， your family．

   You are not the work you do： you are the person you are．

   I have worked for all sorts of people since then， geniuses and morons， quick﹣witted and dull， big﹣hearted and narrow． I've had many kinds of jobs， but since that conversation with my father I have never considered the level of labor to be the measure of myself， and I have never placed the security of a job above the value of home．

（1）What is the "pleasure" of the author from the sentence "The pleasure of being necessary to my parents was profound．（paragraph 3）"？ 　 　

（2）According to the article， which of the following is true about children in the 1940s and now？ 　 　

（3）What did the author's father make her understand？ 　 　

（4）Which of the following corresponds to the author's views in the passage？ 　 　

Geographers are interested in the spatial patterns observed on earth． Bridging the natural and social sciences， Geography is the interdisciplinary study of environments and how people interact with the environment． It is important to study geography because many of the world's problems require understanding the interdependence between human activities and the environment． Geography is therefore a beneficial major for students because its theories and methods provide them with analytical skills relevant to occupations focused on solving social and environmental problems． The Department of Geography offers eight majors that help students tailor their focus of study．

   The Geography﹣globalization and Development major will provide students with a sophisticated understanding of contemporary global issues and a geographical framework for analyzing key issues involved in national and international development． Reflecting the discipline of geography as a whole， this major emphasizes an integrated approach to studying the relationship of global change to individual and community well﹣being by combining the benefits of area studies with theoretical and topical investigations in the curriculum．

   Our department is committed to excellence in both teaching and advising． Several of our faculty members have received teaching awards， and we are known across campus for the quality of our advising． As a geography major， you will meet one﹣on﹣one with your faculty advisor every semester during advising week， and you are always welcome to talk with your advisor at any time throughout the semester whenever questions may arise． In addition to advising our students about their academic programs， we provide timely information about internships， nationally competitive awards， and other opportunities as they arise． Many of our students complete internships and several of our students over the last few years have received nationally competitive awards．

   For more information about our program， please visit our website， or contact our Undergraduate Chair， whose information is listed above．

   Admissions Information

   Freshmen/First﹣year Admission

   No requirements beyond University admission requirements．

   Change of Program Policy

   No selective or limited admission requirements．

   External Transfer Admission

   No requirements beyond University admission requirements．

   Opportunities Upon Graduation

   With a liberal arts degree in Geography globalization and Development， students are prepared for employment in a variety of fields， including non﹣profit and government work， particularly in the areas of community and international development． This degree will also prepare students well to work in the private sector in an international context． Graduates from this program will also be well situated to continue on to graduate school or law school， with research and professional interest in academic fields， including， but not limited to， geography， public affairs and policy， development studies， and community and regional planning．

   Browse through dozens of internship opportunities and full﹣time job postings for Ohio University students and alumni on Handshake， OHIO's key resource for researching jobs， employers， workshops， and professional development events．

（1）Who can be selected as the target of the geography course in the passage？ 　 　

（2）What are the advantages of choosing the geography major in this university in terms of employment？ 　 　

（3）Where is the most likely place to read this passage？ 　 　

Composite image of Europe and North Africa at night， 2016． Credit： NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens， using Suomi NPP VIIRS data from Miguel Roman， NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center． Artificial light is often seen as a sign of progress： the march of civilization shines a light in the dark； it takes back the night； it illuminates． But a chorus of scientists and advocates argues that unnaturally bright nights are bad not just for astronomers but also for nocturnal （夜间活动的） animals and even for human health．

   Now research shows the night is getting even brighter． From 2012 to 2016 the earth's artificially lit area expanded by an estimated 2.2 percent a year （map）， according to a study published last November in Science Advances． Even that increase may understate the problem， however． The measurement excludes light from most of the energy﹣efficient LED lamps that have been replacing sodium﹣vapor technology in cities all over the world， says lead study author Christopher Kyb， a postdoctoral researcher at the German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam．

   The new data came from a NASA satellite instrument called the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite （VIIRS）． It can measure long﹣wavelengths of light， such as those produced by traditional yellow﹣and﹣orange sodium﹣vapor street lamps． But VIRS cannot see the short﹣wavelength blue light produced by white LEDs． This light has been shown to disrupt human sleep cycles and nocturnal animals' behavior．

   Credit： Mapping Specialists： Source： "Artificially Lit Surface of Earth at Night Increasing in Radiance and Extent．" by Christopher C． M． Kyba et al． in Science Advances， Vol． 3． No 11， Article No， E1701528； November 22， 2017．

   The team believes the ongoing switch to LEDs caused already bright countries such as Italy， the Netherlands， Spain and the U． S． to register as having stable levels of illumination in the VIIRS data． In contrast， most nations in South America， Africa and Asia brightened， suggesting increases in the use of traditional lighting． Australia actually appeared to lose lit area    but the researchers say that is because wildfires skewed the data．

   "The fact that VIIRS finds an increase （in many countries）， despite its blindness in the part of the spectrum that increased more， is very sad，" says Fabiofalchi， a researcher at Italy's Light Pollution Science and Technology Institute， who did not participate in the study． In 2016 Falchi， along with Kyba and several other members of his research team， published a global atlas of artificial lighting that showed one third of the world's population currently lives under skies too bright to see the Milky Way at night．

   The data also cast doubt on the idea that the LED lighting revolution will lead to energy cost savings． Between 2012 and 2016 the median nation pumped out 15 percent more long﹣wavelength light as its GDP increased by 13 percent． And overall， countries' total light production correlated with their GDP． In other words， Kyba says， "we buy as much light as we are willing to spend money on．"

（1）Which is not true about the spread of lit areas？ 　 　

（2）Which of the following about VIIRS is NOT true according to the passage？ 　 　

（3）According to the article， what we can know about the LEDs？ 　 　

（4）The author writes this article to 　 　．

Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

"Our research has shown that the No． 1 reason people become fans is that it's your connection to your first community，" said Adam Earnhardt， chairman of the communications department at Youngstown State University and co﹣author of "Sports Fans， Identity and Socialization： Exploring the Fandemonium．" "I don't care if a Seattle fan moves to China， he or she carries with them their love for the sports teams，" he said． "（1） 　 　"

   （2） 　 　． And when a team begins to catch fire， as with， say， the Mariners in '95 or the Seahawks of recent vintage， well， it's easy to get swept up in the wave．

   "It's phenomenal，" said Simons． "We have this ability to understand other people so remarkably that their victories literally become ours． Our testosterone（睾酮） literally responds to their victory． （3） 　 　They're us， and competing on a literal level as us a little extension of us．"

   Professor Robert Cialdini at Arizona State University came up with the term BIRG Basking In Reflected Glory    to describe the intense pride fans feel when their teams succeed． It can be used as a verb， as in， "Seahawks fans are currently BIRGING up a storm．" The counterpoint， as coined by researchers C．R． Snyder， Mary Anne Lassergard and Carol E， Ford， is the concept of CORFing Cutting Off Reflected Failure． （4） 　 　． We've all heard it in action： We won， but they lost．

This leads into another concept， that of cognitive bias， also known as confirmation bias， which causes fans to help explain away defeats by blaming outside factors， such as referees． I'm sure it would also help explain why Seahawks fans rallied around Richard Sherman after his postgame interview， rationalizing behavior that was widely criticized by many fans with no vested interest． It could also explain the notion of "eustress"， invented by endocrinologist Hans Selye to refer to a combination of euphoria （极度愉快的心情） and stress， such as that resulting from watching tense sporting events． Indeed， it's much of the appeal．

Read the following passage． Summarize the main idea and the main point（s） of the passage in no more than 60 words． Use your own words as far as possible．

   It's undeniable： Being among the first to try out a new piece of technology is cool． There's the excitement of doing what has never been done before the feeling that you're living in the future． And when you're the sole member of your social circle with the latest hot gadget， people stare in fascination． They ask you questions． They see you as the holder of powerful， secret knowledge for a little while， until the next big thing comes along． People tend to underestimate the costs of this temporary coolness， which they pay in more ways than one． Don't fall into the early adopter trap． Don't join the first wave of consumers who invest in the latest media﹣hyped hardware： instead， wait and see．

   To put it frankly， early adoption is a bad investment． First， the earliest versions of devices are not only expensive， they are also the most expensive that those devices will ever be． Companies are presumably attempting to recover the cost of production as fast as they can， and they know that there are serious tech﹣lovers who will pay a great deal to be first． Once the revenues from early adopters' purchases are safely in their hands， they can cut the price and shift to the next marketing phase： selling the product to everyone else． This is why the cost of the original iPhone dropped about U． S． 200 only eight months after its release． Plus， electronics hardly ever become more expensive because intense competition in the industry puts downward pressure on prices over time． Prices of gadgets will fall shortly after release， and they will likely keep falling． Many new TV models drop significantly in price as little as ten days after hitting the market． Further， electronics rapidly depreciate because they become obsolete （废弃的） so quickly． This means that early adopters pay the maximum price for an item that does not hold onto its value． The resale price of a cell phone or laptop can drop by fifty percent within just a few months．

Speaking of becoming obsolete， those who are first to leap into a new technology risk wasting money and time on something that will never catch on． Another good reason to resist the early﹣adoption temptation is that the first version of a product typically has defects that cost a lot in time and frustration． Such problems are so common with new technology that early adopters are basically unpaid beta testers and troubleshooters． Unless this sounds to you like a fun way to spend your time， don't be among the first users． If you wait to learn what the problems are with a new electronic gadget， you can look forward to a smoother experience or choose a less troublesome product．

Translate the following sentences into English ， using the words given in the brackets.

1.爷爷有点耳背，对他耐心一点．（patient） 　                 　

2．和学生时代的他相比，那名士兵简直判若两人．（How） 　                 　

3．随着体力逐渐恢复正常，那名业余自行车手的夺冠之梦不再遥不可及．（normal） 　                 　

4．值得一提的是，在王老师的影响下，她的同事们更关注孩子们的努力，而不是他们的成绩．（as…as…） 　                 　

write an English composition in 120﹣150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese．

假如你是李敏，在一本英文旅游杂志上，你发现了这样一条信息：某古城景区对当地人收费5美元，对外国人收费15美元．针对这一情况，请你以李敏的口吻给该杂志编辑写一封信，具体要求如下：

1． 介绍一下你在杂志上看到的内容；

2． 针对此事自己的态度以及理由．