Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior.
One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.
They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.
The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.
The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.Which of the following is TRUE according to the second study?
| A．Children’s IQs have much to do with physical punishment. |
| B．The study is about violence and cooperation of children. |
| C．The children tested were divided into groups of four. |
| D．Children’s mental development only relies on their IQs. |
What does the underlined word “spanked” refer to?
| A．punished | B．blamed | C．tested | D．praised |
What might be the best title for the text?
| A．The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior |
| B．Punishment Is the Best Way of Education |
| C．Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior |
| D．Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior? |
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Nearly everyone has spent at least one night lying in bed wishing for sleep. But for many, it’s a nightly struggle. The key, or secret, is to experiment. What works for some might not work as well for others. ________
1. Set a regular bedtime. Go to bed at the same time every night. ____________ Try not to break this routine on weekends when it may be tempting to stay up late. If you want to change your bedtime, help your body adjust.
2. _________ If you’re getting enough sleep, you should wake up on time naturally without an alarm. As with your bedtime, try to maintain your regular wake-up time even on weekends.
3. Be smart about napping. While taking a nap can be a great way to recharge, especially for older adults, it can make insomnia（失眠）worse. ________ If you must nap, do it in the early afternoon, and limit it to thirty minutes.
4. Fight after-dinner drowsiness（睡意）. What should you do when getting sleepy before your bedtime? _________ For example, washing the dishes, or calling a friend. If you give in to the drowsiness, you may wake up later in the night and have trouble getting back to sleep.
| A．Wake up at the same time every day. |
| B．Spend more time outside in the day time. |
| C．When it’s time to sleep, make sure the room is dark. |
| D．Get off the couch and do something to avoid falling asleep. |
E. If insomnia is a problem for you, consider giving up napping.
F. It’s important to find the sleep strategies that work best for you.
G. Choose a time when you normally feel tired so that you can fall asleep easily.
Some American high schools are for students with special interests, like science or the arts. New York City even has a program for those interested in the food service industry, called Food and Finance High School.
New York also has what are called international high schools, or internationals, for immigrant students. They must be new learners of English who have been in the United States less than four years. The first school opened in nineteen eighty-five. The city will begin the new term next month with ten.
New York works with a nonprofit organization, the Internationals Network for Public Schools. Support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has helped the network expand. The network says the graduation rate was seventy percent last year in the four New York schools open long enough to have graduating classes. That, compared with twenty-three percent for English language learners in all of the city schools.
Over all, New York officials recently reported that the city’s four-year graduation rate, reached fifty-two percent last year. At the same time, they reported that the city’s dropout rate fell below fifteen percent. The Internationals Network says its schools have an average dropout rate of just five percent.
Claire Sylvan is the executive director of the group. She says students drop out mainly because their families need them to work or because parents arrange marriages for girls.
The Internationals Network mainly helps find teachers and trains them in the teaching method of the internationals. Claire Sylvan says the teaching approach is to have students use their different strengths to help each other. They work in small groups, but she says they are not grouped by ability. She says the students discuss issues, then produce a product like a paper, a play, a poster or a report. They learn English as they work.
The international high school in New York is __________
| A．for immigrant students with special interests |
| B．for new immigrant students who have been living in New York less than four years |
| C．for new learners of foreign language from around the world |
| D．for new young learners of English language living in the US less than four years |
The international high schools in New York _______
| A．have been opened for less than 20 years and set a good example |
| B．can bring great profit for the Internationals Network for Public Schools |
| C．will expand from having one school to having ten |
| D．have given great support to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation |
Which of the following shows the graduation rate of the schools of the International Networks last year in the four New York schools?
Graduation rate
Dropout and other
A B C D
One of the reasons why some students drop out of school is that _____.
| A．their parents can’t afford to pay for the education |
| B．they have to help their parents with the work |
| C．girls are forced to make money for their families |
| D．they have trouble in passing all kinds of exams |
Claire Sylvan would agree with all the following statements EXCEPT _____.
| A．with the help of the network, the students can find right teachers. |
| B．students use their different strengths to help each other |
| C．students can be divided into different classes according to their ability |
| D．students can discuss with each other and finish their work by themselves |
Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students ______ what is bothering them.
| A．to talk over | B．talked about |
| C．talk about | D．having talked over |
An increased concentration of carbon dioxide and certain other gases in the Earth’s atmosphere ______ global warming.
| A．contributing to | B．contribute to |
| C．contributes to | D．to contribute to |
Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to ______ to their greatest potential.
| A．cultivate | B．accelerate | C．expand | D．develop |
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请您修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（ ∧ ），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜钱（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只充许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
I’m Wang Lin. I’m a senior 3 student who take the College Entrance Exam soon. Now I have a problem in choosing my major. My parents want me to study international business. Therefore, my head teacher suggests that I chose software engineering. As for me, I have a total different idea from them. I want to take environmental science for my major so that I can use that I have learned to help improving the environment in my hometown after the graduation. But can I possibly make a decision on my own against the will of my parents and my teacher? I’m writing to you for my opinion. Would you please spare some time to give me some advices?
上周, 一批英国学生到达第一中学进行访问交流。假设你是该校通讯员, 请根据以下内容给当地一家报社写一篇英文报道。
写作内容：
| 时间 |
上周 |
| 地点 |
第一中学 |
| 事件 |
一批英国学生到访 |
| 行程 |
了解中国学生的校园生活、参观该地的著名景点，体验当地文化 |
| 印象 |
洁净的市容、友善的学生、美味的食品 |
| 回访计划 |
第一中学38名学生应邀明年三月访问英国 |
John Snow was able to _____________(宣布) with certainty that the polluted water carried the germs.
For convenience, England is ___________（划分）roughly into three zones.
The film The Monkey King in which Zhen Zidan starred made a deep ____________(印象) on the audience.
I have to remind myself ____________(不断) that I’m really in AD 3008.
Though____________(缺少)money, his parents managed to send him abroad to study further.
He fell asleep in the plane with the safety belt __________(系牢).
Make sure that never miss the ____________(最后期限).
He still feels quite ___________(内疚) when he looks back on the past.
Does the writer have a(n) ________________(乐观) view of the future?
Please keep us ___________(通知) whenever you’re in trouble.
短文中共有10处错误，错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏词符号（∧），并在此符号下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词的下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
My name is Linda. I used to living in the countryside of Chicago with my parents, that were born in New York. Living in the countryside have a lot of advantages. The air isn’t polluted, and the environment is clearly. Besides, the neighbors are friendly for each other. However, there are some disadvantages of living in the countryside as well as. If you have job downtown, you have to spend many time on the road every day. And life in the countryside isn’t very excited, so most teenagers like to live downtown. When I complete high school at 20, I moved to California to study at a university.
阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.
Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog’s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.
This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was to catch them. Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the frogs and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn’t last long.
The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and there seemed to be more insects around lately.
The villagers decided that they couldn’t just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides (杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left.
Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn’t been useless. They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading (传播) diseases.
Now, the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning.From Paragraph 1 we learn that the villagers __________.
| A．worked very hard for centuries |
| B．were poor but satisfied |
| C．dreamed of having a better life |
| D．lived a different life from their forefathers |
Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs?
| A．The frogs made too much noise. |
| B．They needed money to buy medicine. |
| C．They wanted to please the visitors. |
| D．The frogs were easy money. |
What might be the cause of the children’s sickness?
| A．There were too many insects. |
| B．The crops didn’t do well. |
| C．The visitors brought in diseases. |
| D．There were too many frogs. |
What is the main idea of the text?
| A．Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country. |
| B．Health is more important than money. |
| C．The harmony (和谐) between man and nature is important. |
| D．Good old day will never be forgotten. |
It was announced that only when the fire was under control ____ to return to their homes.
| A．the residents would be permitted |
| B．had the residents been permitted |
| C．the residents had been permitted |
| D．would the residents be permitted |
You should read the _________ in the car repair manual (手册) carefully before you start to work on it.
| A．instructions | B．descriptions |
| C．introductions | D．explanations |
---How long do you think it’ll be _____ I can go back to work?
--- Well, you’ll be feeling much better by next weekend.
| A．before | B．when | C．until | D．that |
单词拼写I missed a good o__________ (机会) to give my opinion on it.
He will never decide to a__________ (抛弃，遗弃) the search for truth.
You should __________ (道歉) to her because you’ve hurt her feelings.
People should be very __________(小心的，谨慎的) about believing this statement.
He __________ (后悔) that he had been careless.
Don’t worry. Please sit down and __________ (放松).
This kind of paper __________ (吸收) ink well.
He had the __________ (勇气) to sail around the world in a yacht.
__________ (不管，不顾) the traffic jam, he arrived there on time.
His play was __________ (完美的) in every way.
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