In the past，people usually believed what newlyborn babies wanted was food and to be kept warm and dry．They thought babies were not able to ____ things until they were five or six months old．____ the researchers in the United States now believe babies begin learning on their first ____ of life．They say babies are strongly ____ by their environment and one baby will ____ if his or her mother does something that the baby likes．
A baby learns to get the best care possible by smiling to ____ her mother．This is how babies start to learn to ____ and communicate with other people．The researchers say this ability to learn ____ in a baby even before birth．They also ____ the idea that newlyborn babies can ____ and understand sounds they heard while they were still ____ inside their mothers．
Recently，an American study ____ 112 babies found babies learned better when they were ____．The babies appeared to learn well whether they were sitting up on their own，sitting in seats or ____ to sit up．The researchers say keeping that kind ____ had what they called a ____ effect on the babies' ability to learn about objects．They say the body position may be linked to development in the ____．One ____ says babies can pay more attention to ____ an object if they do not have to be about their balance．
A．learn B．know C．remember D．eat
A．Besides B．While C．But D．Therefore
A．hour B．month C．week D．day
A．influenced B．accepted C．disturbed D．moved
A．cry B．smile C．sing D．eat
A．annoy B．love C．notice D．please
A．connect B．live C．speak D．smile
A．disappears B．informs C．exists D．happens
A．infer B．support C．deny D．instruct
A．recognize B．realize C．receive D．record
A．sleeping B．delivering C．shaping D．developing
A．helping B．involving C．raising D．containing
A．sleeping soundly B．lying down C．sitting up D．awaking clearly
A．assisted B．forced C．asked D．mentioned
A．hobby B．gesture C．decoration D．purpose
A．negative B．unmarked C．significant D．side
A．language B．brain C．feeling D．body
A．psychologist B．mother C．doctor D．researcher
A．exploring B．finding C．feeling D．discovering
A．eager B．worried C．confident D．curious
The new science of spending comes to a surprising conclusion .How we use our money may as much or more than how much we’ve got it.
Money spent on experiences , rather than material goods, more happiness.
Imagine that you wake up tomorrow morning to $1 million under your bed .What would you do that cash?
The money will probably make you think about one thing all else---- yourself. A large amount of research reveals that money our selfish sides. We will much on what that money can do for us alone. Perhaps you are imagining buying a faster car, or even a new house.
But studies show that goods often fail to deliver happiness. Fortunately ,our ongoing research many ways to get more happiness from every dollar you spend .Changing how you spend money can increase your happiness.
But making these needs to challenge some of our ideas of spending. It’s hard not to buying a house as a wise investment. But research shows it brings very little happiness. A study in the United States found that homeowners , on average ,were no happier than .
So, working hard to save money for a house might not be such a good idea it means spending less time with your families and friends.
And dozens of studies show that people get more happiness from buying than material things. Experimental purchases—such as trips ,concerts and special meals –are more connected to our sense of self.
And experiences come with one more . They tend to bring us to other people , but more often, material things are enjoyed .So social contacts are important to mental and physical health.
A．present B．matter C．appear D．equal
A．leads to B．breaks out C．holds on D．brings along
A．keep B．own C．discover D．count
A．to B．with C．about D．for
A．above B．below C．before D．after
A．shows B．explains C．proves D．designs
A．depend B．concentrate C．take D．look
A．mental B．material C．beautiful D．clever
A．outgoing B．lasting C．willing D．exciting
A．invites B．offers C．prefers D．follows
A．changes B．plans C．decisions D．mistakes
A．know B．view C．dream D．judge
A．buyers B．sellers C．builders D．renters
A．if B．how C．unless D．though
A．houses B．cars C．experiences D．health
A．clearly B．hardly C．generally D．deeply
A．advantage B．conclusion C．purpose D．identity
A．familiar B．close C．proper D．native
A．completely B．worldwide C．secretly D．alone
A．gain B．damage C．improve D．build
B
Data processing is a series of operations carried out on data on the purpose of getting information． ________．the information is the end or the output．The operations ________with different tools．Apart from a computer，the brain is ________ a data processing tool．Like a mini PC，the brain controls all bodily and mental________ ，as well as processes data．________apples and oranges differ in looks，feel，smell and taste，the brain can tell their differences．
There are three________ of processing data．In manual data processing，simple tools such as pencil are used．Electromechanical data one uses electrically operated machines．________ of the types of machines used are desk calculators and typewriters．Electronic data one uses computers processing data at a very high speed．
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Do fight against painting pollution
Do you know what kind of things the young people are reading? More and more and teachers have noticed another kind of pollution, which comes from the printed papers on streets.
These printed things newspapers but have hardly anything to do with . You can only find reading materials badly made up there-some are too strange for anyone to ; others are frightening stories of something . However, many of the young readers are getting interested in such reading, which them what they should pay for their breakfast and brings them nightmares and immoral ideas in . Homework is left and daily games lost.
These sellers stand about on streets selling their papers well. The writers, publishers and printers, they are, we never know, are their silent money.
The sheep-skinned wolf’s story seems to have been forgotten once again. Why not this kind of thing? Yes, both teachers and parents have asked each other for more strict control of the young readers. , the more you want to forbid it, the more they want to have a look at it. you may even find several children, driven by their curious natures, one patched paper, which has traveled from hand to hand.
It really does to our society. It has already formed a sort of moral pollution. The teachers and parents need more powerful support in their protection of the young generation. At the same time, the young need more interesting books to help them those ugly paper.
A．writers B．readers C．students D．parents
A．sold B．printed C．put D．found
A．work out B．look like C．act as D．depend on
A．them B．children C．young people D．it
A．think B．believe C．know D．understand
A．still worse B．even better C．very good D．more important
A．wonderful B．interesting C．useful D．poisonous
A．spends B．costs C．pays D．takes
A．sight B．common C．return D．use
A．unknown B．much C．less D．undone
A．what B．whoever C．whatever D．who
A．making B．spending C．wasting D．using
A．forbid B．separate C．leave D．stop
A．Luckily B．Unfortunately C．Badly D．Happily
A．Always B．Hardly C．Sometimes D．Seldom
A．sharing B．getting C．holding D．taking
A．good B．favor C．wrong D．harm
A．puzzled B．surprised C．disappointed D．worried
A．teachers B．parents C．readers D．writers
A．come into B．break down C．get rid of D．get off
Have you ever seen a movie in which a building was burned down or a bridge was destroyed? Have you seen films in which two trains crashed or a ship into the ocean? If , you may have wondered how these things could happen without the actors and actresses in the film.
The man who knows the is the “special-effects” man. He has one of the most important in the film industry. He may be ordered to a flood or to make a battlefield explode. But he may also be told to create a effect which is much less exciting, just as important to the success of the film.
In a for one movie there was a big glass bowl filled with water in which small fish were swimming. The director of the movie the fish to stop swimming suddenly they seemed to stare at (盯着看) an actor. Then the director wanted the fish to staring and swim. But fish can’t be ordered to do anything. It was quite a .
The special-effects man thought about the problem for a long time. The result was an idea for the fish with a harmless use of electricity. he applied electricity to the fish bowl causing the fish to be absolutely . Then he rapidly reduced the amount of , allowing the fish to be free. Thus he got the humourous effect the wanted.
In other parts of movie making there are also special-effects men who have developed skills in creating certain kinds of effects. Jim White, who has been a special- effects man for thirty-two years, is best known for his with ships and airplanes.
A．buried B．sank C．fell D．dropped
A．so B．such C．possible D．necessary
A．telling B．harming C．protecting D．organizing
A．news B．question C．message D．secret
A．films B．jobs C．factories D．companies
A．prevent B．fight C．pour D．create
A．terrible B．peaceful C．funny D．special
A．or B．as C．though D．only
A．scene B．step C．stage D．room
A．ordered B．wanted C．decided D．doubted
A．while B．since C．so that D．even if
A．return B．continue C．stop D．start
A．success B．failure C．problem D．disappointment
A．controlling B．operating C．driving D．lighting
A．As a result B．Above all C．First D．Immediately
A．pure B．interesting C．still D．quiet
A．fish B．water C．electricity D．bowl
A．actor B．actress C．director D．special-effects man
A．fast B．particular C．humorous D．careful
A．imagination B．work C．repair D．design
Exam anxiety is something that almost every person experiences during his or her student life. Little anxiety actually helps one and work hard for the exams. However, if students spend all their time in feeling , a lot of valuable study time would be lost.
In this competitive world, cause a lot of nervousness in students. For some, exam anxiety encourages them to work hard, while for others it may be the root cause for poor performance, leading to academic and lack of confidence. In fact, some students are anxious by nature and easily get nervous when they face a(n) situation. They will think even if they have prepared well. They fear that they may what they have studied, and when it is too much, their is likely to come true.
One of the most important methods of exam anxiety is to prepare well in advance. Studying regularly for a few hours every day helps increase the of students. If students are not able to handle anxiety or nervousness, they could talk to their teachers, parents, friends or instructors. should also avoid giving pressure to their kids to do well. Creating a peaceful and atmosphere at home can be greatly helpful.
To and sleep properly is also important. Students tend to avoid sleep and starve themselves due to anxiety, but it is to their academic performance and health. It’s better that students should plan their time well and take proper breaks between studies. They should always remember to set aside some time for their since some entertainment helps them relax and concentrate.
A．concentrate B．relax C．succeed D．experience
A．curious B．confident C．anxious D．calm
A．plans B．breaks C．jobs D．exams
A．failure B．achievement C．preparation D．performance
A．peaceful B．stressful C．natural D．avoidable
A．positively B．confidently C．intentionally D．negatively
A．remember B．forget C．confuse D．lose
A．fear B．dream C．expectation D．competition
A．increasing B．feeling C．avoiding D．creating
A．relaxation B．pressure C．nervousness D．confidence
A．Teachers B．Parents C．Friends D．Instructors
A．relaxing B．exciting C．depressing D．worrying
A．learn B．play C．rest D．eat
A．helpful B．harmful C．important D．nice
A．studies B．habits C．hobbies D．meals
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The1is that countries around the world have growing mountains of2because peopleare throwing out more rubbish than ever before.
How did we3a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to4an object than to spend time and money to repair it.5modern manufacturing (制造业) and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and6.
Another cause is our7of disposable (一次性的) products.As8people,we are always looking for9to save time and make our lives easier. Companies10thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also11to the problem. We are12buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that13is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we14useful possessions to make room for new ones.
All around the world, we can see the15of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To16the amount of rubbish and to protect the17, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials.18, this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem.
Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions19throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about20. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
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It was July 1976. An unmanned spaceship, Viking One, had arrived at Mars. On July 20th, the spaceship . Part of it continued toward a landing on the planet. It fell through the late afternoon Mars’ sky.
Forty kilometers above the planet, the thin began to slow its fall. Six kilometers above the planet a big parachute(降落伞)opened. The landing craft fell more slowly. Then, three rocket engines . And the landing craft set down on the surface. in the Viking One Lander immediately sent a message to the earth. It said, “I am here. I am down safely. I am beginning my work. ”
The message at the speed of light. It took twenty minutes to reach the earth, more than three hundred and twenty million kilometers . Scientists and engineers at the control center .
Moments later, television receiver in the control center began to the first picture from Viking One. People at the center could see the feet of the landing craft sitting firmly on the 11 soil of Mars. Those pictures were our first look at the planet. They showed a red surface, full of rocks, with no sign of . It was our first look at a planet that is full of surprises, mysteries and promise. Viking One was launched toward Mars in August, 1975. The spaceship had two : an orbiter(轨道飞行器)and a lander(着陆器). The orbiter would circle Mars. It would take pictures of Mars’ surface. It would the atmosphere.
The would go down to the surface. It would carry to dig up and study soil and .
It also would report about any evidence of life on the planet. The lander would send this to the orbiter and then back to the earth.
A．separated B．appeared C．worked D．started
A．correctly B．slowly C．quickly D．directly
A．air B．universe C．space D．atmosphere
A．fired B．fell C．opened D．floated
A．heavily B．softly C．suddenly D．immediately
A．A computer B．A rocket C．A pilot D．An astronaut
A．spread B．traveled C．shot D．moved
A．far B．long C．distant D．away
A．shouted B．watched C．cheered D．welcomed
A．make B．take C．show D．search
A．red B．brown C．gray D．black
A．careful B．close C．real D．clear
A．men B．life C．trees D．air
A．parts B．rockets C．engines D．centers
A．through B．towards C．over D．around
A．enter B．examine C．collect D．discover
A．orbiter B．lander C．spaceship D．rocket
A．engineers B．astronauts C．parachutes D．instruments
A．surface B．trees C．rocks D．pictures
A．spaceship B．rocket C．lander D．information
阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最 佳选项。
A Japanese farmer bought a big foreign tractor to grow his corn and apples in northern Japan. The giant tractor __ _the waste land into fields at an amazing speed.___ __, he was troubled by the damage caused by raccoon dogs .Just when the sweet corn was ready to be____ __,it was ruined.
“I placed___ ___in several places around the fields,but ended up trapping a young raccoon dog. The mother stayed next to it,and didn’t_____ __when I approached. When I tried _____ ___ out to release the trap,the young raccoon dog bared its _____ ___and got really upset. It seems cruel,but I held its head down with my rubber boot _____ ____I released it from the trap. It didn’t run away,though. Right in front of ____ __, the mother started licking the young one’s ___ ____ leg. Seeing that, I felt committed an awful crime. “
“I_____ ____told them ‘Stop eating our corny But then I started leaving small piles of second rate corn around the ____ __of the fields. They’re not good enough to sell. The next morning when I went to the fields, they’d completely _____ __. But the raccoon dogs had caused ___ ___more damage at all. So at harvest time I decided to ____ ___using the traps and put out the corncobs without kernels .After that,__ ___ by the raccoon dogs stopped almost completely. So I figured that farmers suffer this sort of damage because they ___ _ _everything. After all,we,d turned what used to__ _ the raccoon dogs into fields. I worried that if I actually fed them,the raccoon dogs would even more __ _ ,but that didn’t happen.
I suppose you could say that my eyes were opened to the mysteries of nature. Anyway,I realized that nature didn’t work in the __ _ that most people thought.”
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A noted American psychologist once remarked that childhood is a magical period in one’s life．Indeed it is, for during one undergoes a step-by-step transformation not only in mental capacity, but also in physical and verbal skills．Each step an increase in the difficulty of a child’s conceptual and learning abilities．During the early stages of childhood, from infancy to about five, the child learns skills including using the toilet, bathing and dressing himself independently．At this stage, he also learns to be very observant, curious, imaginative and creative．His ability to remember things also at this stage． He remembers details that an adult may have difficulty in remembering．Gradually , he learns elementary skills in problem-solving．At school, particular in classes, the child is especially creative．Given a piece of paper and some colored pencils, he draws a variety of from his surroundings as well as from his circle．It is not surprising to see a child draw a monster to represent an abusive father, and an angel to represent a loving and caring mother．
As he graduates to the later stages of childhood bordering on the teenage years, the child learns the of human relations and socialization by interacting with his peers—his friends and schoolmates． He also learns to with new life situations, including dates and part-time work． Given a tight schedule of schoolwork, the child learns to prepare his own schedules of work and play; the more________ and less serious ones manage to take time out of their busy schedules of assignments, reports and tests and examinations to go with their friends on relaxation entertainment．
A．adolescence B．adulthood C．childhood D．infancy
A．signs B．presents C．prevents D．signals
A．difficult B．simple C．useful D．helpful
A．develops B．increases C．reduces D．strengthens
A．music B．art C．chemistry D．biology
A．pictures B．buildings C．reflections D．images
A．family B．school C．teacher D．friend
A．competence B．commitment C．complexity D．competition
A．agree B．experiment C．withdraw D．concern
A．practical B．cautious C．enthusiastic D．stubborn
The arrival of computers has brought a considerable change in all industries. With multiple features with this technology, it has become an important part of management. As a result, computers are by all businesses for their smooth running. It has been proved that computers improve the work productivity and have become a necessary professional investment.
Originally it was in the period of 1950s computers started gaining importance in the business world. At that time they were used to store data. With the popularity of computers in the commercial field, computers got used to perform multiple functions. The of computers with communication technology happened later which the creation of servers. Websites were designed which could be by the internet users. Extensive data like written documents, videos and images was in the enterprise servers.
Computers now perform many tasks. With its presence in every small workspace, let us take a look at some of its key .
The track of the financial status of a company is managed by computer. Spreadsheet software is used for this which helps to keep a record of all profits, losses, sales and costs. Company connects and interacts with its clients all across the globe through the computer. Emails are sent daily to official information and other software is used to create reports and memos. Corporate advertising like print brochures are easily created with the help of computer printers.
Companies a record of their customers, products and financial dealings through the computer. Database management software is used by the employees to the stored data, select it and use it for making reports etc. Moreover, through the computer the company gets into a direct with its bank account. There is actually no to its use.
A．associated B．compared C．employed D．showed
A．family B．office C．government D．school
A．opposed B．avoided C．ordered D．required
A．nevertheless B．therefore C．unless D．however
A．that B．when C．until D．before
A．personal B．scientific C．logical D．financial
A．happily B．hardly C．usually D．gradually
A．combination B．development C．invention D．argument
A．took over B．resulted from C．led to D．turned down
A．destroyed B．spread C．accessed D．made
A．stored B．downloaded C．charged D．changed
A．easy B．simple C．complicated D．interesting
A．uses B．branches C．sections D．techniques
A．cause B．purpose C．process D．effect
A．update B．convey C．correct D．write
A．profits B．staff C．managers D．materials
A．damage B．release C．maintain D．improve
A．doubt B．input C．output D．analyze
A．track B．finance C．connection D．investment
A．idea B．end C．reason D．answer
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A, B, C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
In 2000 a report was published about what the earth might be like 20 years from then on. The report was a result of a three-year .
According to the report, the picture of the earth in the year 2020 is not a one. The world will be more _ _ because the population will continue to grow. The population could be_ 6 900 million, almost 2 450 million more than in 1995. More people would move into cities, especially cities in _ _ countries. Cities like Cairo and Jakarta probably would_ have 15 million by then.
Food production will _ , but not enough to feed all the people. Farmers will grow 90% more food than they did in 1995, _ most of the increase would be in countries that _ produce enough food for their people. Little increase is in South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Poor farming ways are large areas of crop land, changing farms into deserts. More farmland is as cities become larger and more houses are built. will get worse as industrial countries burn more coal and oil. Many of the world’s _ _ could disappear as more and more trees are cut down. Energy will continue to be a serious problem. The experts say their picture of the earth for the year 2020 . But they only carried out the situation that_ today. By changing the situation, by_ the problems, the picture can be changed. There is _time for the nations of the world to work a plan of action. But they warned that_ too long making decisions would greatly reduce the chances of success.
A．learning B．project C．notice D．study
A．pleased B．pleasant C．safe D．blue
A．dangerous B．beautiful C．crowded D．terrible
A．no more than B．as many as C．as much as D．as large as
A．developing B．developed C．big D．mountainous
A．none B．each C．all D．neither
A．insist B．reduce C．increase D．continue
A．so B．but C．or D．however
A．already B．hardly C．partly D．never
A．wanted B．lacked C．found D．known
A．destroying B．protecting C．disturbing D．interrupting
A．saved B．lost C．discovered D．found
A．Air pollution B．Water pollution C．Some diseases D．All farmland
A．animals B．plants C．forests D．people
A．must be true B．will come true C．can't be true D．may be wrong
A．happens B．develops C．exists D．makes
A．settling B．working C．answering D．dealing
A．no B．still C．less D．plenty of
A．about B．in C．out D．for
A．working B．suggesting C．spending D．waiting
Another secret of animals’ survival is telepathy（心灵感应）. This sense becomes atrophied（衰退） in man, but a(n) thought-communication functions in animals. Elsa, the lioness, frequently when George and I intended to visit her camp, even though it 180 miles from our home in Isiolo. On most when we made our irregular visit she was waiting for us. By following the spoor（野兽的足迹），we that she had sometimes walked 50 or 60 miles to meet us.
The same thing when I took Elsa’s sisters to Nairobi to be flown to the Rotterdam zoo, Elsa’s zoo. Elsa stayed behind with George in Isiolo 180 miles . He did not know when I was coming back, no person knew. But Elsa knew. On the morning of my she sat down at the entrance and wouldn’t make any until I arrived in the evening.
I have known this kind of thought-communication with the animal with whom I’ve lived. When Elsa died, I woke in the night, knowing what had happened, even though I was several miles away. The same thing later with one of Pippa’s cubs.
I don’t this sensitivity with my own kind. Feel far more in tune with what is going on when I am in the bush than when I am in London on Nairobi. We don’t know much yet about this telepathy from which gland（腺体） it comes, or how it . But if men could awaken or it in themselves, and then cooperate by trusting each other, fearing and treating one another , the world would be a far better place.
A．extremely B．completely C．thoroughly D．definitely
A．sensed B．aware C．feels D．concerns
A．lay B．lies C．located D．stood
A．case B．conditions C．occasions D．situations
A．discussed B．dismissed C．discovered D．distrusted
A．happened B．broken out C．replaced D．took over
A．far B．farther C．away D．far from
A．turn B．return C．reality D．reappear
A．emotions B．feelings C．exchanges D．movement
A．burst forth B．burst C．appeared D．occurred
A．command B．confirm C．possess D．prohibit
A．starts B．comprehends C．manufactures D．works
A．create B．plant C．cultivate D．produce
A．rather than B．other than C．would rather D．or rather
A．suspiciously B．suspecting C．prosperously D．doubtfully
【改编】Ready to give up long showers, water parks, and unlimited water gushing（喷涌）out of your taps? A new study says more than three-hundred-thirty-five-million people are faced with water _________ now. The oceans are full, of course. But the liquid—fresh, clean water for drinking and watering crops is in short _________ in many parts of the world. Rivers are running low, lakes are shrinking, streams have stopped _________, and groundwater is being pumped(抽) dry. However, the _________ for water keeps increasing. So there comes ________ the water crisis!
What is causing the crisis? Experts say it is a complex _________ of climate change and rapid population growth. On the one hand, global climate change threatens to reduce water supplies due to _________ rainfall. On the other hand, population growth is driving _________ demand for water, prompting(促使) rivers in thirsty countries to be tapped for nearly every drop and ________ governments to pump out so-called fossil water.
Lack of water may result in several ________. It may increase health problems. Lack of water often means drinking waters are not _________. Lack of water may also result in more international _________. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now _________ sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. And lack of water would _________ the ability of developing to improve their _________. This is because new industries often need a large amount of _______ when they are beginning.
One partial _________ to the world water shortage, at least for countries near the sea, is to _________ more desalination(去盐作用) plants that change _________into fresh water. Another suggested solution is for water-rich countries, such as Canada, to sell water to countries which are _________ in water.
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【原创】
| A．explosion | B．exploratory | C．explosive | D．expensive |
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【原创】
| A．offer | B．rent | C．get | D．provide |
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【原创】
| A．industry | B．agriculture | C．economies | D．tourism |
【原创】
| A．fund | B．money | C．water | D．equipment |
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【原创】
| A．ice | B．seawater | C．snow | D．rain |
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阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从短文后所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
Many theories regarding the causes of juvenile delinquency（crimes committed by young people）focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence．Theorieson the individual suggest that childrencriminal behavior before they were not sufficientlyfor previous misbehaviors or that they have learned criminal behavior through interaction with others．Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes into their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status or as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children fromfamilies，the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes．The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate control from parents．All，however，are uncertain or unimproved and are of course challenged with criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectlyjuvenile crime rates．For example，changes in the economy thatto fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain．This results inamong youths and may inlead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also experiencedthese years．More families consist of one parent households or two working parents；，children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family．This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates．Other noticeableof offensive acts includeexperience or failure in school，theavailability of drugs and alcohol，and the growing phenomenon of child abuse and child neglect．All these conditions tend to increase theof a child committing a criminal act，a direct cause and effect relationship has not yet been established.
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