高中英语阅读填空

Simon Sinek is naturally shy and doesn’t like speaking to crowds. At parties, he says he hides alone in the corner or doesn’t even show up in the first place. He prefers the latter. Yet, with some 22 million video views under his belt, the optimistic ethnographer also happens to be the third most-watched TED Talks presenter of all time.
Sinek’s unlikely success as both an inspirational speaker and a bestselling author isn’t just dumb luck. It’s the result of fears faced and erased, trial and error and tireless practice, on and off stage. Here are his secrets for delivering speeches that inspire, inform and entertain.
Don’t talk right away.
Sinek says you should never talk as you walk out on stage. “A lot of people start talking right away, and it’s out of nerves,” Sinek says. “That communicates a little bit of insecurity and fear.”
Instead, quietly walk out on stage. Then take a deep breath, find your place, wait a few seconds and begin. “I know it sounds long and tedious and it feels excruciatingly awkward when you do it,” Sinek says, “but it shows the audience you’re totally confident and in charge of the situation.”
Show up to give, not to take.
Often people give presentations to sell products or ideas, to get people to follow them on social media, buy their books or even just to like them. Sinek calls these kinds of speakers “takers,” and he says audiences can see through these people right away. And, when they do, they disengage.
“We are highly social animals,” says Sinek. “Even at a distance on stage, we can tell if you’re a giver or a taker, and people are more likely to trust a giver — a speaker that gives them value, that teaches them something new, that inspires them — than a taker.”
Speak unusually slowly.
When you get nervous, it’s not just your heart beat that quickens. Your words also tend to speed up. Luckily Sinek says audiences are more patient and forgiving than we know.
“They want you to succeed up there, but the more you rush, the more you turn them off,” he says. “If you just go quiet for a moment and take a long, deep breath, they’ll wait for you. It’s kind of amazing.”
Turn nervousness into excitement.
Sinek learned this trick from watching the Olympics. A few years ago he noticed that reporters interviewing Olympic athletes before and after competing were all asking the same question. “Were you nervous?” And all of the athletes gave the same answer: “No, I was excited.” These competitors were taking the body’s signs of nervousness — clammy hands, pounding heart and tense nerves — and reinterpreting them as side effects of excitement and exhilaration.
When you’re up on stage you will likely go through the same thing. That’s when Sinek says you should say to yourself out loud, “I’m not nervous, I’m excited!”
Say thank you when you’re done.
Applause is a gift, and when you receive a gift, it’s only right to express how grateful you are for it. This is why Sinek always closes out his presentations with these two simple yet powerful words: thank you.
“They gave you their time, and they’re giving you their applause.” Says Sinek. “That’s a gift, and you have to be grateful.”

Passage outline	Supporting details
to Simon Sinek	●He is byshy and dislikes making speeches in public. ●Through hiseffort, he enjoys great success in giving speeches.
Tips  on  delivering speeches	●Avoid talking for it indicates you’re nervous. ●Keep calm and wait a few seconds before talking, which will create an that you are confident.
●Try to be a giver rather than a taker because inwith a taker, a giver can get more popular and accepted. ●Teach audience something new that they canfrom.
●Speak a bit slowly just to help you stay calm. ●Never speed up while speaking in case youthe audience.
●Switch nervousness to excitement by the example of Olympic athletes.
●Express yourto the audience for their time and applause to conclude your speech.

阅读下列短文并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词，每空格1词（共10个小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
Zebras have their own bug repellent(驱虫剂)?
Eww bugs! They are so annoying! We humans are lucky that we can apply repellents to avoid nasty bites. But what’s an animal to do? They have no choice but to spend their days shooing them off with their tails, unless, of course, they are zebras, who apparently have their own automatic repellent--- their striped skin!
Scientists had originally thought that the reason why the animal had developed the black and white lines was to help protect itself from predators in the African savannah, because the stripes make it difficult to single out one zebra that is traveling with a herd.While that may be true, the theory has never been tested or proven. Now the experts have another---that the stripes have evolved to repel the annoying horse flies that not only feed off their blood, but also, transmit dangerous germs into the bodies of these innocent animals.
The study was performed by a team of Swedish scientists. One of the clues that got them thinking along these lines was the fact that darker horses got bitten more often than light-colored or white ones.
The fact that zebras are born black and only develop strips as they grow older made the scientists theorize that the stripes may be something the animals have developed to make themselves less attractive to flies.
To test if this may be the case, they painted some boards at a horse-infested horse farm in Budapest with patterns of black and white stripes of varying widths and applied a layer of glue on them. What they noticed was that the places where the black and white stripes were at their narrowest (similar to what zebras have) attracted the fewest flies. They achieved similar results when they painted horses with black and white zebra-like stripes.
While the research are not sure why this may be the case, they believe it may be something to do with the way insects operate---horseflies are attracted to horizontally polarized light（偏振光）; since white does not reflect it, white horses are luckier than black ones. But zebras seem to be the luckiest of all. When the researchers measured the polarized light reflected from real zebra skins, they found that it matched light patterns that were the least attractive to horseflies.
While this theory does make logical sense, nobody is 100 percent sure that it is really true, given that it has never been tested on a real zebra. If it is true, it does raise the question of why a horse, a close relative of the zebra has failed to develop stripes. The researchers believe that this could be because there are more horseflies in Africa, where zebras reside, then anywhere else in the world.

Title	Zebras have their own bug repellent?
Reasons for zebras developing their strips	Original belief	With the black and white lines, one zebra is difficult to single out while traveling with a herd, thus ______ it from its enemies.
New theory	Zebras, residing in Africa where there are most horseflies in the world ,have developed strips to avoid being_______ .
A study	Researchers	A team of scientists from _______
________	To test if strips are developed to make zebras less attractive to flies.
Clues	*White or light-colored horses are less _____ to get bitten than dark ones. *Zebras develop strips as they grow older though born black .
Method	*Some boards at a horse farm are painted with patterns of black and white stripes variously ______ , a layer of glue applied on them *Measured the polarized light reflected from real zebra skins
________	*The places where the black and white stripes were similar to the ______zebras have attracted the fewest flies *Strips of zebras matched light patterns that were the least attractive to horseflies
Principle of zebras’ black and white strips repelling the flies	Horizontally polarized light, which white does not reflect, _______ to horseflies.
Conclusion	_______tested on real zebras, the theory isn’t definitely true.

任务型读写(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
Self-motivation is a great way for doing things better in life. Exercising not only helps you to stay fit, but also freshens up your body from within. Despite being aware of the benefits of exercise, people fail to put it in their lives, because their motivation is very limited.
An optimistic attitude will not only help you to try continuously, but also make sure you fight all possible difficulties easily. On the other hand, a pessimistic attitude will show you only the bad in what you want to do, stopping your will to try at the very beginning.
To be determined about something takes a lot of courage. It’s very easy to give up and everyone can do it. To continuously keep at it, putting in the same efforts all the time, takes courage. Be determined to lose weight. Tell yourself you have to do it.
If your role model has been in your mind, then you are very likely to follow him or her. So why not follow the path by which they have got an envious figure?
Always feel good about where you work out. This way you will be regular with your workout schedule, gradually noticing the positive effects it has on you. This makes sure that you think your surroundings positively in your mind and that your probability of visiting it increases.
Every time you lose a decided number of pounds, congratulate yourself, relax your muscles or shop for relaxation.
If you have a fast-paced lifestyle, you won’t even realize when time flies by. By exercising regularly, you’re adding more years to your life. A long life is the best motivation, isn’t it?
Apart from all these things, you must set a goal and encourage all your energy towards achieving it. Last but not least, it’s very important that you enjoy what you are doing, whether it’s working out at the gym, or practicing yoga at home.

Title: How to motivate yourself to _______
introduction	People can’t insist on exercising in their lives because they don’t have _______ motivation.
Tips	●When you have an optimistic attitude, you can try continuously and have no difficulty ____ all possible difficulties. ●To lose weight, you should put in the same efforts all the time and _____ at it with courage. ●Choose a person who has got a perfect figure as your _____ and follow their path to exercise. ●Feeling good about where you work out has some _____ effects on you. ●Once you have _____ a certain number of pounds, you’d better congratulate yourself. ●For a long term, exercising regularly ______ that you’re adding more years to your life. ● ____ a goal is helpful for encouraging all your energy towards achieving it.
conclusion	Since exercise has so many ____, you’d better enjoy what you are doing, whether it’s working out at the gym, or practicing yoga at home.

 

请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填上一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题纸上。
Talking to friends on WeChat, Wang Chenchen’s mood changes according to her friends’ replies. Long sentences are always heartwarming and happy emoticons indicate the other person’s good spirits. But one word replies like “OK”, “Oh” or “hehe” quickly kill the mood.
Over-reliance on online communication is causing division between people and social anxiety in this digital era. With social media bringing people closer together than ever before, a new set of online language norms also appears.
Connected or separated
Wang Chenchen, 20, an English major at the University of International Business and Economics says, “I tend to judge my friends by the quality and speed with which they comment on my updates on Weibo or WeChat.”
But to Chen Jie, 21, a biological engineering major at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wang’s evaluation system is problematic. “Everyone has their lifestyle and a certain way of using social media,” says Chen, who is always busy working in the laboratory and hardly has time for social media.
Ge Yan, a professor of communication at Shanghai Jiaotong University, says social media is causing fragmentation (碎片化) of communication. “People tend to judge their surroundings by the information available,” says Ge. “They also evaluate their friendships and others’ lifestyles based on fragmented pieces of information with which they construct a so-called reality.”
Need for emotion
According to Ge, such superficial communication helps encourage more interaction between people, but in terms of building solid interpersonal relationships it causes more harm than good. An online survey on Sina Weibo last month shows, “hehe” was the top conversation killer in 2013. “The words people hate all have one thing in common — a lack of emotion,” says Ge.
Zhang Wei, a professor of linguistics at Renmin University of China, thinks that such short expressions carry so little emotion that they separate people. Chatting online cannot convey the same emotions as communication in real life. This makes it difficult to understand the other person’s true intentions. “That’s why I always suggest talking face to face to resolve problems,” says Zhang. “Unfortunately the reality is that most people spend less time talking to each other in this way.”
Anxiety and insecurity
Zhang further explains that the reason why people’s mood is strongly affected by such unemotional words when communicating online is rooted in social anxiety. People feel insecure because of all kinds of pressures. It’s like a vicious circle — “Less time for face-to-face communication leads to more online communication, but online expressions of emotion are too changeable to provide the comfort needed,” says Zhang. “As a result, people become more anxious.”

Title	Conversation killers
Problems	People’s mood is easily affected by unemotional words while communicating online. In this digital era, people are feeling more separated, (1) ________ and insecure than ever before.
Reasons	People (2) ________ on online communication too much. Online talkers start to (3) ________ a new set of online language norms.
Name	(4)________	What they say and think
Wang Chenchen	An English major	I tend to judge a friend by how well and how (5) ________ they reply to my updates on Weibo or WeChat.
Chen Jie	A biological engineering major	Wang’s evaluation system doesn’t hold water because different people have different (6) ________ and different ways of using social media.
Ge Yan	Professor of communication	Incomplete (7) ________ can’t be used to evaluate people’s friendships, and superficial communication does harm to interpersonal relationships. People’s (8) ________ for short and careless replies like “hehe” arises from their lack of emotion.
Zhang Wei	Professor of linguistics	Those unemotional expressions (9) ________ the gap between people. My (10) ________ is that people should talk face to face though busy.

It is December thirty-first,2004,the time when the old year dies and the New Year is born.
Many Americans have parties at home and invite all their friends .Many of these events are noisy。People shout and sing. They often blow on small noisemakers when the New Year arrives at midnight. They kiss their husband or wife or the person they are with. They dance to music. Other Americans spend a quiet evening at home .They drink Champagne at midnight to welcome the New Year.
Some people drink too much alcohol at New Year’s Eve celebrations .This can lead to tragic results if a person drinks too much and then drives a car. The National Safety Council says hundreds of people die in road accidents during the holiday.
In recent years ,the danger of accidents has resulted in a new tradition called the “designated driver” One person among a group of friends drinks little or no alcohol during New Year’s Eve celebrations. Then this designated driver can safely drive the other people home. Many American cities also offer free taxi service on New Year’s Eve to take people home safely.
Other Americans observe the coming of the New Year at events without alcohol .More than 220 American cities hold these First Night celebrations. Artists in Boston Massachusetts started the tradition of First Night celebrations. In 1976.They wanted to observe the coming of a New Year. But they did not want to hold noisy drinking parties. So they organized, music, art and other events to observe the holiday.
How Americans Observe New Year’s Day

Ways to celebrate	Celebrations with alcohol	Celebrations without alcohol
_________	At home	At theatres or _______
Activities	Drinking parties with _______	Attending music    ______ or art ___________
Making very _________
Kissing each other
Dancing to music
Main problems	Many deaths on the road ___________ drink-and-drive	None
Ways __________ the problem	Making arrangements for some people not ____ so as to drive others home safely	None
___ free taxi service to take people home safely

 

Harmless fun and bullying(欺负) separated by a very thin line.This line is crossed on a daily basis，without being known.This full extent of this line crossing isn’t often felt until much later.Blind eyes are often being turned，and the problem is becoming more and more serious.
Harmless fun occurs when nobody has hurt feelings and laughter follows.There is no harm in the fun，and all people can enjoy the joking.Bullying occurs when someone is looked down upon.Not every joke is funny,and sometimes we can cruelly hurt somebody without our knowledge.
The most difficult part of the line between harmless fun and bullying is the simple fact that everybody has their own line，and even it’s different from time to time，depending on a certain character.Everybody has their own limit of tolerance，and harmless fun that is close to bullying usually gather up the bottled emotions that are ready to break out.No matter how strong the friendships are，words can treat them apart from the root，destroying the very foundation that they have been built upon.
The key is that the line should never be crossed.Harmless fun has its time and place，since laughter is the best medicine for what worries you，but it should never be taken to the extreme，where someone is feeling down.
　The best possible way to ensure that you aren’t the one responsible for linecrossing is to think before you speak.We should first try to understand before we try to be understood.If the words you feel like saying to someone aren’t the words you would want to say to your parent，brother，child，or good friend，then chances are that you should think of something else to say.
Saying things behind someone else’s back is no good，either，because those words often find their target finally，and usually the comments have been misunderstood and the intention，while perhaps harmless，tends to turn towards bullying.
Title：Harmless Fun and Bullying

______	People often cross the line between harmless fun and bullying，resulting in bullying，which is often hidden.
_______	Harmless fun	Hurting nobody’s _______ and bringing laughter
Bullying	●Making someone feel _______ ●Hurting somebody unconsciously
Reasons	●People’s own line differing from time to time because of _______ ●Harmless fun possibly turning into bullying once it develops ____ people’s own limit of tolerance
_______	●Trying not to_______ ●Dealing with harmless fun properly especially when one is______ ●_______________ ●Trying to understand before trying to be understood. ●Regarding the listener as your parent，brother，child or good friend ●Not making comments behind one’s back in order to avoid being misunderstood

Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

A． counting B． determined C． distraction D． environmental E． focus    F． modified G． naturally H． performing I． worsening J． comprehensively   K． significant

Myopia， or short﹣sightedness， is a condition in which distant objects appear blurred （模糊的）， but closer objects can usually be seen in sharp focus． Its biological basis is an eye that， during childhood， has grown too long for its optical power． The focal plane for images of distant objects ends up in front of the retina， causing out﹣of （1） 　 　perception．

   Myopia was once regarded as almost totally genetically （2） 　 　． But its prevalence （流行） has increased spectacularly in urban mainland China， Hong Kong， Taiwan， Singapore， Japan and South Korea， where 80﹣90% of those completing high school are now short﹣sighted． This is up from 20﹣30% only two generations ago． Since gene pools do not change that fast， these massive changes must be due to（3） 　 　change． In 2005， we （4） 　 　reviewed the research on myopia and found a correlation with education． （This was not a particularly novel insight： such a link was supposed as far back as Kepler in 1604．） We found locations with a high prevalence of myopia were all top performers in surveys of international educational outcomes．

   Fortunately， not all high （5） 　 　locations， Australia among them， showed a high prevalence of myopia． This shows that high educational outcomes do not necessarily lead to myopia． We also hypothesized that all human population groups had a tendency to develop myopia under particular environmental conditions． Indeed． North America and Europe have seen growing rates of myopia， although they are still nowhere near as high as in East and Southeast Asia．

   A common cutoff for high myopia is 5 diopters （屈光度）． This means vision is blurred beyond 20cm from the eyes． Such severe or high myopia increases with age and can lead to visual impairment that can't be corrected． The prevalence of high myopia has now reached 20% in young adults in East and Southeast Asia， which foreshadows major increases in visual （6） 　 　and blindness as these young adults age． So prevention of myopia has become crucial， particularly for East and Southeast Asia．

Australia has （7） 　 　low levels of myopia with a lifestyle that emphasizes outdoors activities． Young children report spending two to three hours a day outside， not （8） 　 　time outdoors at school． However， there are formidable barriers to achieving this benchmark in locations where spending time outdoors is seen as a（n）（9） 　 　from study． Policy responses must therefore also aim to slow the progression of myopia， the phenomenon in which mild to （10） 　 　myopia becomes more severe during childhood． There is currently controversy over whether time outdoors slows progression， but strong seasonal effects on progression suggest that it may．

请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个词。注意：每个空格只填1个单词。
Aspirin
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) has been used for many years as a painkiller. It also has an anti-inflammatory (消炎) action and can be used to reduce fever. Aspirin is already recommended for people to prevent stroke and heart attack because it improves one's blood circulation. So many people already take daily aspirin as a heart drug. Although aspirin can cause deadly internal bleeding, which is relatively rare, its benefits for people are great, not only to help increase the length of people's lives, but to prevent and treat cancer, or to stop cancer spread according to the latest research.
Taking a low dose (剂量) of aspirin every day can prevent and  Rothwell, from Oxford University, and his colleagues, who carried out the latest work, had already linked aspirin with a lower risk of certain cancers, particularly bowel（肠） cancer. But their previous work suggested people needed to take the drug for about 10 years to get any protection. Now the protective effect occurs much sooner—within three to five years—based on a new analysis of data from 51 trials involving more than 77,000 patients. And aspirin appears not only to reduce the risk of developing many different cancers in the first place, but may also stop cancers spreading around the body.
Taking a low (75 — 300mg) daily dose of aspirin appeared to cut the total number of cancer cases by 25 % after only three years—there were nine cancer cases per 1,000 each year in the aspirin-taking group, compared with 12 per 1,000 for those taking dummy pills. It also reduced the risk of a cancer death by 15% within five years (and sooner if the dose was higher than 300mg). And if patients stayed on aspirin for longer, their cancer death risk went down even further—by 37% after five years.
Low-dose aspirin also appeared to reduce the probability that cancers, particularly bowel, would spread to other parts of the body, and by as much as half in some instances. However, Prof. Rothwell says for most fit and healthy people, the most important things they can do to reduce their lifetime cancer risk is to give up smoking, take exercise and have a healthy diet.
But experts warn that there is still not enough proof to recommend it to prevent cancer cases and deaths and warn that the drug can cause dangerous side effects like stomach bleeding. Prof. Peter Johnson of Cancer Research UK, along with other experts, said it was still a good idea that people thinking of taking aspirin should first consult their doctors because of the possible side effect. And people should get some decisive advice from the government as to whether aspirin should be recommended more widely and the government should also advise the public about the benefits and risks of aspirin.

Aspirin
Functions	To reduce fever To        Pains To prevent stroke and        attack
effect	To cause cause deadly internal
Fresh         evidences	To cut the total number of cancer cases by         To       the risk of  certain cancers  within five years and of a cancer death by 15%  within five years and by 37% after five years. To make it          to prevent the spread of  cancer
opinion	People should discuss with their doctors     taking       aspirin. The public should be     about the benefits and risks of aspirin.

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

ㅤXiao long bao（soup dumplings），those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers，encasing hot，（1）＿＿＿＿（taste）soup and sweet，fresh meat，are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. The dumplings arrive steaming and dangerously hot. To eat one，you have to decide whether（2）＿＿＿＿（bite）a small hole in it first，releasing the stream and risking a spill（溢出），（3）＿＿＿＿to put the whole dumpling in your mouth，letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. Shanghai maybe the （4）＿＿＿＿（recognize）home of the soup dumplings but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long bao's birthplace. There you will find them prepared differently﹣more dumpling and less soup，and the wrappers are pressed （5）＿＿＿＿hand rather than rolled. Nanxiang aside，the best Xiao long bao have a fine skin，allowing them （6）＿＿＿＿（lift）out of the steamer basket without allowing them tearing or spilling any of （7）＿＿＿＿（they）contents. The meat should be fresh with （8）＿＿＿＿ touch of sweetness and the soup hot，clear and delicious.

ㅤNo matter where I buy them，one steamer is （9）＿＿＿＿（rare）enough，yet two seems greedy，so I am always left （10）＿＿＿＿ （want）more next time.

For thousands of years，people have told fables （寓言）（1）　 　（teach） a lesson or to pass on wisdom.Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures，and the well﹣known Aesop's fables date to the（2）　 　（six） century B.C.Yet，the form of the fable still has values today，（3）　 　 Rachel Carson says in " A Fable for Tomorrow. "

Carson uses a simple，direct style common to fable.In fact，her style and tone （口吻） are seemingly directed at children. "There was once a town in the heart of America，（4）　 　all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings，" her fable begins，（5）　 　（borrow） some familiar words from many age ﹣ old fables.Behind the simple style，however，is a serious message （6）　 　（intend） for everyone.

（7）　 　（difference） from traditional fables，Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.She warns of the environmental dangers facing society，and she teaches that people must take responsibility（8）　 　saving their environment.

The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple truths about everyday life.However，Carson's theme is a more weighty（9）　 　（warn） about environmental destruction.Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still （10）　 　（employ） today to draw attention to important truths.

Why do we dream？Scientists aren't completely sure，and they have diverse 11 （idea）．Dreams might be a side effect of memory making．When you sleep，your brain sorts through everything 12 happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. As it 13 （connect） things，your brain tums them into a story，and you get a dream．

After reading the passage below ， fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word ， fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word ； for the other blanks ， use one word that best fits each blank.

Millions of Baby Olive Ridley Turtles Emerge in Orissa

   Nature is full of wonders． In （1） 　      　is one of the most breathtaking sights in nature， millions of baby Ridley turtles broke out of their eggshells under the sand at one of their mass nesting grounds in coastal Orissa． The baby turtles started their journey towards the Bay of Bengal （2） 　      　they emerged from their nest in the southern district of Ganjam， about 175 km from Bhubaneshwar．

   Orissa is the home to three mass nesting sites of the Oliver turtles， a species （3） 　      　（threaten） with extinction， and one of the sites， Gahirmatha，（4） 　      　around 70 to 80 million turtles lay eggs on the beach every year， is considered one of the world's largest nesting sites．

   The female turtles drag （5） 　      　up the beach from the sea， dig a nest， lay at least one hundred eggs， cover and conceal their eggs and nest， and then return to the sea． The females never visit the nest again to take care of the eggs that （6） 　      　（deposit） in the warm sand．

   The baby turtles emerge from the eggs after 45 60 days， then the babies grow without their mother， which is a rare phenomenon in nature， Interestingly， it is on the same beach where they were born （7） 　      　the females lay their eggs．

In the recent years， sea erosion has led to many turtles' nest （8） 　      　（damage） or destroyed． Also， some fierce animals such as dogs and birds （9） 　      　（reduce） the number of nesting turtles． And of course man has also had a negative impact （10）

　      　using engine﹣powered fishing boats near the turtles' nesting grounds．

Secret codes (密码)keep messages private。Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36   Code breaking never lags(落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography. 37   For example, the first letters of "My elephant eats too many eels" Spell out the hidden message "Meet me."

38   You might represent each letter with a number, For example, Let's number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message "Meet me" would read "13 5 20 13 5."

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example "bridge" might stand for "meet" and "out" might stand for "me." The message "bridge out" would actually mean "Meet me." 40    However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A．	It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B．	In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C．	Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D．	As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E．	You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F．	With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G．	Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

Things You Should Insist on No Matter What People Say
Life can get pretty crazy at times．  Happiness is dependent upon ourselves，and there are some things in life you should always insist on doing，no matter what others have to say about it．Here is a list of some things you should always do．
1．Learn from your mistakes
No matter what people say，you will make mistakes in your life．Life is a learning process in itself．Some people will make you feel bad about your mistakes，or insult you for making them．   Accept your mistakes fully and really figure out what went wrong．
2．Embrace change and creativity
A popular proverb is，“You cannot solve a problem in the same state of consciences that created it．”    Change and creativity are vital in today’s world．Things are always changing，so why should we be any different?
3．Appreciate what you have
 This can take away from our happiness．Sometimes you just need to sit back and be happy about where your life is right now，and what you have to show for it. Sure people might tell you it’s not good enough，but don’t listen to them．It is good enough，and it gives you a sense of pride when you can enjoy the things you already have in life．
4．Listen to your heart
Sometimes you just need to follow your instincts and do what your heart tells you. There are some situations，like relationships，that rely more on your heart than on your head．People will surely tell you differently，but you should always insist on listening to what you want and feel. Again，you are the one who lives with your choices，and you are the one that has to live with the“what ifs．”  

Some people succeed, while others may not. This is because some people possess certain qualities, which others do not.
The first thing you must remember is that in order to succeed, you must be optimistic. If you do not expect to win, you will not try as hard as those who do expect to win. You also need to have a clear aim and a reason for doing something because motivation is a key to achieving success. If you do not have an aim, then you will not be motivated to work hard and put your performance under the microscope to make sure that every detail is right.
Another quality that helps people succeed is creativity---thinking about things in a different way and wondering how others would do the same thing. Think about some successful people you know. They might be successful with a little creativity, but the most successful people are the most creative ones.
Reading is another to success, as it will help you learn about how other people have achieved success. If you want to learn how to set up a successful business, you should read books about people like Bill Gates and Jerry Yang, who have achieved amazing success in their areas of business.
Practicing is equally important if you want to success because practice makes perfect. Practise every day at whatever career you are in, and by doing so, you will see yourself, your business and your self-confidence begin to grow. If you feel confident about what you do, this confidence will make other people believe in you as well. Your colleagues will be happy to work with you, and your boss will give you more responsibility. Finally if you are a successful person, you will be able to look people in the eye and smile confidently.
Success is yours for the taking! Cheers!
根据短文完成下列表格，一空一词。
Title _______

Certain qualities	Supporting details
______	●Try hard _______ people who do expect to win. ●Have a clear aim and a reason for doing something because a key to achieving success is _____
Creativity	●_______about things in a different way. ●Study how other people would do the _______ thing.
Reading	●Help you know about how _______ have achieved success. ●Read books about __ people such as Bill Gates and Jerry Yang to encourage yourselves.
Practising	●_______ the saying “practice makes perfect.” ●Believe in yourself and do what you want to do ______.