Once kids hit the teenage years, parenting becomes more difficult than ever. Establishing（建立）effective house rules is one of the best ways to educate teenagers. House rules must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure they behave responsibly.
How can effective house rules be established?
First of all, get your teenager to take part in making the rules, which can help keep them motivated to follow them. Ask their opinion about what sorts of things they think are important when creating the rules and try to include some of their ideas.
When creating the list of rules, don’t list every single rule imaginable. Instead, try to limit it to the ten most important rules. I’ve seen some parents come up with several pages of rules which turn out to be more like a rule book rather than a list. Remember, it is important to make the list easy to remember and to be a basic guide.
Then, it is important that you write out the list of rules and hang them in a prominent (显眼的) location. Keeping the rules on the refrigerator or displayed somewhere where everyone can see them is a good reminder. Revise the rules whenever there’s a need, not very frequently though.
Explain clearly in advance what negative result will be in store when a rule gets broken. But ensure that none of your results are equal to abusive parenting. For example, take off the rule that says — “if you don’t get home by 11 at night, make arrangements to stay elsewhere until morning”. Let helping with small household chores like cleaning up their own rooms serve as a result of breaking rules.
Follow these tips on establishing effective house rules accompanied by constant positive reinforcement (执行),and you will see the improvement in your teenager’s behavior. Hope you can direct your teenager to become a responsible and independent person with the help of house rules!
| Title |
Establishing house rules for |
| Requirements for house rules |
They must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure that teenagers have responsible |
| |
Trying to make the rules together |
Ask their opinions Include their ideas |
| Keeping the house rules simple |
Avoid Limit the list to the most important rules. |
|
| Writing out the list of rules and hanging them somewhere visible |
Make the rules revised |
|
| Don’t abuse children if they |
||
| Conclusion |
Your teenager’s behavior will |
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。
At last firefighters have put out a big forest fire in California．Since then，they (set) about finding out
the fire began．Forest fires are often caused by
(break)glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away．Yesterday the
(fireman)examined the ground but were not able to find any．They were also quite sure that a cigarette end didn’t start the fire．However，several hours passed
a fireman accidentally discovered the cause．He noticed the remains of a snake which was wound(蜿蜒；缠绕)around the electric wires of a 16，000-volt power line．In this way，he was able to solve
mystery．The
(explain) was simple but very
(usual)．A bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then
(drop)it on to the wires．The snake then wound
round the wires．When it did so，it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire．
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction).
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine "Kitty" Genovese. On Friday, March 13, 1964, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.
Despite Genovese’s repeated calls for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident. The attack first began at 3:20 AM, but it was not until 3:50 AM that someone first contacted police.
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies, there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years. The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society, but why exactly does it happen? Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd?
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lover's quarrel," and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
Characteristics of the situation can play a role. During a crisis, things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear. Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening. During such chaotic moments, people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate. When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting, it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction? Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle. When faced with a situation that requires action, understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help. However, this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.
But what if you are the person in need of assistance? How can you inspire people to lend a hand? One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd. Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help. By personalizing and individualizing your request, it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.
| The Bystander Effect |
|
| Passage outline |
Supporting details |
| Concept of the bystander effect |
The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual from becoming It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence |
| Typical example |
In 1964, a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was |
for the bystander effect |
Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of Before deciding to offer help, observers may want to make |
| You should realize or know the When in need of help, you should |
Things You Should Insist on No Matter What People Say
Life can get pretty crazy at times． Happiness is dependent upon ourselves，and there are some things in life you should always insist on doing，no matter what others have to say about it．Here is a list of some things you should always do．
1．Learn from your mistakes
No matter what people say，you will make mistakes in your life．Life is a learning process in itself．Some people will make you feel bad about your mistakes，or insult you for making them． Accept your mistakes fully and really figure out what went wrong．
2．Embrace change and creativity
A popular proverb is，“You cannot solve a problem in the same state of consciences that created it．” Change and creativity are vital in today’s world．Things are always changing，so why should we be any different?
3．Appreciate what you have This can take away from our happiness．Sometimes you just need to sit back and be happy about where your life is right now，and what you have to show for it. Sure people might tell you it’s not good enough，but don’t listen to them．It is good enough，and it gives you a sense of pride when you can enjoy the things you already have in life．
4．Listen to your heart
Sometimes you just need to follow your instincts and do what your heart tells you. There are some situations，like relationships，that rely more on your heart than on your head．People will surely tell you differently，but you should always insist on listening to what you want and feel. Again，you are the one who lives with your choices，and you are the one that has to live with the“what ifs．”
“We see lots of adults being diagnosed as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (多动症) around age 38,” says Timothy Widens, MD, an professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. “That’s right around the time people start doing more-tasks, juggling jobs, families, a home, and other personal duties，” he says.
But not everyone who slacks on work or forgets appointments has ADHD; there are plenty of other reasons you may be losing attentions. Here are five things that could be sucking your attention span dry.
1. Technology overload
Your computer, cell phone, and iPod all compete for your attention—no wonder you're distracted(心烦意乱)! To a certain point, your brain can act as secretary, keeping you organized and helping with time management. But the more tasks you try to do, the harder it is for you to stay focused on any single task, research shows. Learning basic organizational skills, like writing down responsibilities and maintaining a day planner, can help reduce these problems. So take a break from constant television, Internet, and email floods
2. Lack of sleep
If you’re missing out on enough shut-eye—most likely seven to eight hours a night—you’re probably easy-angry, dealing with mind fog, and have difficulty addressing daily tasks. That’s a normal reaction, says Dr. Widens.
3. Poor job satisfaction
Sure, everyone’s unhappy at work from time to time—maybe your customer presentation failed or your boss gave you a poor performance review. And if a disorganized working environment or a boring project make it difficult to focus, that's completely normal. But if you find that you often can't complete projects，you probably need medical attention, or a new job.
4. Too much stress
Stress takes side affects on concentration. Researchers at the University of Madison found that the relaxation technique can add to your ability to focus on your mind. Another study, from researchers at UCLA, suggests that in adults with ADHD, meditation improves attention and eases symptoms of anxiety and depression.
5. Too little exercise
Mounting evidence suggests that regular exercise can keep your mind sharp and increase learning and memory ability. It’s even more important in adults with ADHD. ” My patients who exercise all report that they see improvement in attention,” says Dr. Widens. Working up a sweat can also help you burn off the extra energy that causes you to feel uncomfortable, and it can help you sleep better at night.
Hopefully after you understand these helpful methods, you become more attentive on what you are doing.
| Reasons that You Lose |
|
| Passage outline |
Supporting details |
| The |
To tell us we can improve our concentration by following the five things. |
| Technology overload |
Your computer, cell phone, and iPod all compete for your attention—no wonder you're distracted! So |
| Lack of sleep |
If you’re missing out on enough shut-eye, you are |
| Poor job |
Everyone’s unhappy at work from time to time. When |
| Too much stress |
Stress takes side effects on concentration. Relaxing yourself can |
| Too little exercise |
Mounting evidence suggests that regular exercise can keep your mind sharp and increase learning and memory |
| After |
As Chinese President Xi Jinping leaves on Friday on his first overseas tour, which includes stops in Moscow and three African countries, Beijing’s media is very interested in Xi’s famous wife Peng Liyuan, who will be traveling with him.
China’s new First Lady, one of the country’s most famous folk singers and
a World Health Organization Goodwill Ambassador(亲善大使) for
Tuberculosis(结核病) and HIV/AIDS, has long been as well known
as her husband.
The news that she would come along with her husband on the trip has already attracted widespread attention on China’s micro-blogging service, where expectations(期望) are high about her ability to promote China’s image abroad.
“Each country’s First Lady has her own style and charm, and the thing that the world loves is color and difference,” says Tsinghua University political scientist Tang Xiaoyang.
As Peng and President Xi start their trip to Moscow, Tanzania, South Africa and the Republic of Congo, the outing is the president’s first chance to shape his image as China’s new leader before foreign audiences.
Renmin University journalism professor Zhong Xin says there are high expectations that Peng will help her husband pass on a friendly image of China.
“Mrs. Peng is beautiful and popular.” Zhong said, explaining that the new First Lady will not only have a good effect on herself, but the president and the whole country.
| Peng Liyuan—China’s New First Lady |
|
| A brief |
● Beautiful and popular. ● Famous for her folk ● Well-known |
| Her overseas tour |
● Setting out with her ● Starting her overseas tour on Friday, |
| Widespread attention on her |
● Beijing’s media is ● On China’s micro-blogging service, people express that they look forward to her ● The world expects her to be colorful and |
| Possible effects |
● Peng will help President Xi pass on a(n) ● Peng will not only have a good |
Many people think a telephone is a necessity. But I think it is of great harm and a time waste. Very often you find it impossible to escape from it. If you have a telephone in your own house, you will admit that it tends to ring when you least want it to ring: when you are asleep or in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are in your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it? You are not. You think there may be some important news or message for you. I can assure you that if a message is really important it will reach you sooner or later. Have you ever gone to answer a telephone in a hurry from the bath, or from the table, or from the bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number?
But you will say, you need not have your name printed in the telephone directory, and you can have a telephone which is only usable for outgoing calls. Besides, you will say, isn’t it important to have a telephone in case of sudden emergency---illness, accident, or fire? Of course, you are right, but here in a thickly populated country like England one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity.
I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. I admit that in different circumstances---if I were a wealthy and powerful businessperson, for instance, or badly ill and had to lie in bed. I might find a telephone a necessity. But then if I were a taxi-driver I should find a car a necessity. Let me put it another way: there are two things for which the English seem to show particular talent: one is mechanical invention, the other literature. My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them. For I have had just been handed a piece of paper to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone. I think I had better answer it. After all, one never knows, it may be something important.
| Title: The |
|
| Different |
Many people: It is The author: It can Not everyone, |
| Problems with it |
It Almost One Anyway, one has to answer it, because it may be something |
The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought, a report suggests. The Sutton Trust study says children’s early attachment to parents has far-reaching consequences for their ability to speak, learn and think. Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security, it says. And the report calls for more help so parents can develop such crucial bonds. The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachment—a key theory in child developement and psychology. This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fathers and how they have bonded.
The report from the Sutton Trust education charity, entitled Baby Bonds, makes the case that it has an important impact on children’s future educational chances as well as their emotional well-being. It is based on an analysis of more than 100 studies on the issue, including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries. The trust argues that although psychologists have been aware of attachment theory, it has not been seen by policy makers as a key influence on educational attainment. And it asks them to take this into account. The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds—known as secure attachment—they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behavior before they reach school.
And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life, with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training. They are also more likely to suffer from aggression, defiance and hyperactivity later in life.
The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40% of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents. Lead author Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found, from their observations, that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations. She added: “Secure attachment really helps children with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behavior. Shouting, looking out of the window, hitting each other…These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning. It’s really only as we understand more about these behavior problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents. ”
Research director at the trust Conor Ryan said: “Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility, as there is such a clear link to education, behavior and future employment. The educational divide emerges early in life, with a 19—month school readiness gap between the most and least advantaged children by the age of five.
This report clearly identifies the fundamental role secure attachment could have in narrowing that school readiness gap and improving children’s life chances. “More support from health visitors, children’s centers together with local authorities in helping parents improve how they bond with young children could play a role in narrowing the education gap. ”
| The Sutton Trust study |
|
| Introduction |
The study reveals children’s early attachment to parents |
| Method of the study |
Researchers |
| Statistics of the study |
·In the UK, only about 60% of children have a secure attachment with their parents. ·In other countries where the studies were carried out, the numbers are quite |
| Negative effects of insecure |
·A At the age of five, the ·Without secure attachment, future life difficulties such as quitting school, |
| The significance of parental attachment |
Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to a change in people’s social |
| Suggestion |
A |
An E-ticket ride is an especially thrilling amusement park ride. The term now can refer to anything extraordinary. What distinguishes this from any other ride is the level of detail, technology, and entertainment value.
From 1955-1982, the Disneyland theme park in Anaheim, California, sold individual ride tickets with admission to the park. In 1972, simple rides like the King Arthur Carousel took A-tickets, while Alice In Wonderland was B-tickets. C and D-ticket rides were a bit more advanced, including Peter Pan’s Flight, and Flight to the Moon. The biggest, best, and newest rides in the park were reserved for the 85 cent E-ticket. In the 1970s, this list included Pirates of the Caribbean, and the Haunted Mansion.
One interesting thing about the tickets is that Disney officials consistently referred to them as coupons, while guests insisted they should be called tickets. In 1982, the tickets — or coupons — were phased out of the Disneyland world, as the park introduced a pay-one-price admission.
As a replacement of sorts for the ticketing system, Disney introduced the FASTPASS® for some of the rides. Generally, the FASTPASS® is used on the most popular rides. Rumors often circulate to suggest that Disneyland is planning to stop using this system in favor of VIP tickets, outraging some fans.
From 1997-2004, the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida offered an experience called E-ride Nights. This popular, although costly, extra allowed ticket-holding visitors to stay in the park three hours after closing and ride some of the most popular attractions.
Today, although the tickets no longer officially exist, Disney fans still classify rides by their ticket status. In the 2007 announcement of expansions to the California Adventure Park, at least two new E-ticket attractions were announced, the Little Mermaid ride and a test-track racing ride based on the Pixar movie Cars. Recent criticisms of the re-opened Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage suggest that some fans think the ride has been downgraded to a D-ticket from its former glory.
In popular culture, the phrase has been used to refer to an extraordinary experience. American astronaut Sally Ride famously referred to riding the space shuttle as an E-ticket experience. The phrase has appeared in several movies. Fans of the Disney parks have also produced a ride-based fan magazine called The “E” Ticket since 1986. Although the term no longer applies to the Disney method of ride admission, it is still consistently popular as a popular phrase.
What Is an E-Ticket Ride?
| Outlines |
Supporting Details |
| ●It is a thrilling amusement park ride. ●It |
|
| ●From 1955-1982, A, B, C and D-ticket rides ●FASTPASS® was introduced to Disney to ●From 1997-2004, people could go ●Disney officials referred to them as coupons all the time. ●In 2007, at least two new E-ticket attractions were announced to |
|
| Present situation |
●In popular culture, the term can refer to extraordinary ●American astronaut Sally Ride ●Although the term no longer applies to the Disney method of ride admission, it |
Woodkopf is a crazy new sport invented in the Czech Republic(捷克共和国) and it has been gaining quite a lot of national media attention. This popular sport involves a pair of opponents wearing two-meter wooden boards on their heads and trying to knock the other’s board down without dropping their own. Strange as it sounds, a rousing match of Woodkopf can be quite exciting to watch.
This crazy sport can be traced back to July, 1992, when it was practiced during a cultural festival of art school graduates in Prague. Woodkopf, which literally translates as “wooden head”, is popular partly due to the fact that the game is simple, inexpensive and requires no complex equipment, but also because it never fails to supply a good dose of humor.
It is played by both men or women of all ages, and the rules are pretty simple. Both opponents must wear long and thin wooden boards of 200×16×2cm, weighing between 3 and 4kg. Once the boards are in position, the opponents try to knock each other’s boards off, using only plank-to-plank(木板) touches. No body-to-body or plank-to-body touches are allowed. The player who manages to knock down the opponent’s board twice in a row is declared the winner.
According to members of the Woodkopf Union, the best players are generally the taller ones. A bald head is also of great advantage, as pointed out by union chief Ivan Rezac.
Veteran Woodkopf players are now struggling for the sport to be included in the Olympic Games. They strongly believe that it has a great future. Vladimir Cech, who has been playing for the past seven years, said,We want it to become our national sport, and a part of Czech culture along with beer, pork, dumplings and cabbage..
| Title |
An Interesting Sport ----Woodkopf |
| Origin |
|
| Reasons for its |
1. It’s simple, inexpensive and 2. It always supplies a sense of humor. |
| 1.Wearing two-meter wooden boards on their heads, two 2.Only plank-to-plank touches are allowed, and body-to-body or plank-to-body touches are |
|
| Winners |
1. 2. The taller players and people with bald heads are very |
| The future of the sport |
Experienced Woodkopf players are struggling to make it an |
Definitions of literature have varied over time. In fact, it is a “culturally relative definition”. Once in Western Europe, literature indicated all books and writing. During the Romantic period, it began to refer to “imaginative” literature. Nowadays literature is seen as a term used to describe written or spoken material, including all the following.
Poetry uses rhythmic qualities of language to bring out meanings in addition to, or in place of, unimaginative surface meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose(散文) by its being set inverse (颠倒); prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines.
Novel is typically written in a narrative (叙事) style and presented as a book. Novels tell stories, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary. The novel has been a part of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. It remains an essential part of the literary cultures of nearly all societies around the world.
Novella is classified as “Too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story”. There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count. Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits, which vary according to their particular intentions.
A short story is different from novels or novellas in that the plot is usually tied to one single chain of events. Because the reader must identify with a character quickly to become engaged, the tale is often told from the chief character’s point of view.
A drama refers to a play for the theatre, television or radio. It generally consists of chiefly dialogue between characters. It also uses dance to convey their message. Dramas usually aim at dramatic performance rather than at reading. In theater, a drama is presented by actors to an audience.
Good literary works depend on literary techniques. A literary technique can be used by authors in order to improve the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects.
Literary techniques include a wide range of approaches to crafting a work. The ability to let readers know what might happen in the future in an indirect way is possible through the technique foreshadowing. The practice of representing objects and qualities as human beings in literature is personification. Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas.
| Literature |
|
| Definitions of literature |
Definitions of literature have kept changing all the time. |
| They are connected with |
|
| Among them are “books and |
|
| Categories of literature |
Poetry, with rhyme, uses unusual word order in lines, which may be a barrier to see what it |
| A novel takes the form of a book, talking about what is |
|
| The novella, as for length, exists between a |
|
| Dramas are |
|
| Literary |
A warning or sign of a future event is given by using the technique called foreshadowing. |
| When personification is used, something |
|
| Symbolism is the practice of representing ideas by means of |
下面文章中有5个段落需要添加首句(第1～5题)。请从以下选项(A, B, C, D, E和F)中选出适合各段落的首句，并在答题纸上将相应选项的标号涂黑。选项中有一项是多余选项。
| A． |
Come in with something to say. |
| B． |
Prepare general comments. |
| C． |
Bring materials with you. |
| D． |
Don't make them wait. |
| E． |
Have no fear. |
| F． |
Go it alone. |
One of the best things you can do any time in the semester is go see the professor. So hoof on over to an office hour and have some one-on-one face time with someone who'll help you master the material and improve your grade, to boot. But how should you have this conversation with the professor? Here are five insider tips about how to make that office hour really count:
1 No need to get all bent out of shape about going to see the professor. The professor would actually like to see you and answer your questions. Believe it or not, he or she is on your side and is eager to see you do well. And besides, he or she has seen many students stupider than you, so nothing you're gong to ask will set the record for stupidity.
2 Even though you might feel more comfortable going with a friend or partner, the office hour will go better if it's just you and the professor. You'll get in more questions, the discussion will be tailored to what you need most help on, and two-party communication is almost always more productive than committee work. You friend can wait outside for the discussion.
3 If you can't make the official office hours, most professors are willing to make individual, appointments to help you out. If you're lucky enough to land such an accommodation, though, be sure you're 100 percent on time. There's nothing that ticks off a professor more than making him-or herself available for a custom office hour only to find that you don't care enough to come on time. And besides, the professor might leave after ten minutes, which would make your trip a total loss.
4 If you're meeting with the professor to go over a paper or test, or to ask questions about a particular lecture or reading, make sure you bring that paper or test, or your lecture notes or a copy of the article. The professor doesn't remember the comments he or she wrote on your individual piece of work-though he or she will be able to recall them after just a brief glance at your work. And if you have your lecture notes or the article in hand, you and the professor will be able to examine specific points that are confusing to you, rather than just talking in a general way about the contents.
5 Office hours almost always go better if you bring a few specific questions to the meeting. It's almost never good to start a meeting with general comments such as: "I didn't understand what you said about [main topic of the course]"or "I couldn't understand any of your lectures last week." Much better is to come in with two or three conversation-starters, about a specific concept, point, or problem you didn't understand. Keep in mind that in a fifteen-minute office hour (which is how long these things usually last), two or three questions are usually the most you'll have time to discuss.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Not all print dictionaries are the same, as you will notice when you select one. To make a wise selection, you should know how to distinguish among three kinds of print dictionaries: pocket, desk, and unabridged. You should also know the copyright date of your dictionary, and check is special features.
A pocket dictionary is small. Generally, it contains no more than 75000 entries, making it hardly to carry to class and efficient to use. However, a pocket dictionary doesn't contain enough entries to be adequate for college reference homework. In addition, the information about each word in a pocket dictionary is generally limited. A desk dictionary is medium sized, generally containing over 100,000 entries as well as extra features. For college work, you should own a current desk dictionary. An unabridged dictionary is a complete dictionary. Abridged dictionaries, such as pocket and desk dictionaries, are shortened. Because unabridged dictionaries contain nearly all English words, they are large and heavy. They are often used by schools and libraries.
If the copyright date of your current dictionary shows that it was published five or more years ago, consider investing in a more recent edition. English is a dynamic language that admits new words and recognizes changes in meaning, spelling, and usage of familiar words. This is reflected in an up-to-date dictionary.
In selecting a dictionary, check the features it offers besides vocabulary definitions. Many editions contain signs, symbols and foreign words. Some also contain CD-ROMs and access to special online features.
The 2014 Nobel Prize in physics went to three scientists who gave lighting a big change by inventing blue LED lights. A big change in lighting efficiency is under way around the world.
Save and green
LEDs use less energy than other forms of lighting. A typical LED bulb(灯泡) can produce around 83 lumens per watt — a measure of how much brightness you can get from a unit of electrical power — much more efficient than other lighting facilities.
LEDs produce light by passing electric current through a semiconductor, while traditional bulbs pass current through a wire. The wasted heat energy is chiefly why traditional bulbs are so much less efficient.
LEDs also last about 30 times longer than traditional bulbs, and many LED bulb products promise up to 25,000 hours of use — more than 17 years if you used one for about four hours a day.
Lighting the world
The lighting application is not only in homes. LEDs are also being used for street lights, public holiday and decorative displays, commercial buildings, and other large energy users.
Car lighting is another application where LEDs are making progress. LEDs used to be used only for daytime running lights, but now many new cars have LED headlights for night-time use.
LEDs also hold promise for bringing light to the more than 1.5 billion people around the world without access to electricity, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences noted. Indeed, several proposed solutions to energy poverty include the distribution of LED lights, particularly solar-powered ones.
Digital displays
Without blue LEDs, the world wouldn’t have back-lit smart phones, TV and computer LCD screens, blu-ray(蓝光) players, many forms of lighting, and countless other products.
In the electronics industry, LEDs provide back lighting for the liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in many smart phones, laptops, and televisions. The LEDs are more energy efficient and allow for very thin displays.
Blu-ray players use blue LED lasers(激光) to read data off a digital optical disc. When these systems switched from using an infrared(红外线) laser to a blue LED laser, it became possible to store five to 10 times as much data.
LEDs are now being explored for their potential to transmit(传送) data from the Internet across open space, similar to WiFi. Such a system could transmit a lot more data than WiFi alone. This high bandwidth is possible because LEDs can turn on and off millions of times per second.
The rise of LED lighting came at a time when people were just starting to be concerned about global warming. Because of LEDs’ energy efficiency, using them for the world’s lighting would have “an extreme impact” on society.
I___________ for Blue LED Lights to win the 2014 Nobel Prize in physics
●They_______ big changes in lighting.
II________ of LEDs
●Save and green
1. Compared with other forms of lighting, LEDs are much more efficient because of the different_________ they pass electric current
2. LED bulbs can be used 30 times longer than traditional bulbs.
●Lighting the world
1. Besides_ ___________ of LED bulbs they can also be used as street lights and car headlights.
2. Because of their high efficiency, LEDs, especially solar-powered ones, promising to light areas____________ electricity.
●Digital displays
1. Many smart phones, laptops and televisions use LEDs to back-light their LCD_________.
2. By using blue LED lasers, blu-ray players are likely to___________.
3. People are now exploring more_________ uses of LEDs such as transmitting data.
III Conclusion
LED lighting will_________ on environmental protection.
Unlike in our country, violence against women is very obvious in some western and African countries. The basic cause of it lies in discrimination, which claims women inequality with men in all aspects of life. Violence is both origin in discrimination and serves to worsen discrimination.
Violence against women is a sign of historically unequal status of women compared to men, which has resulted into domination (控制,主宰) and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full development of women. Violence against women is one of the important social means by which women are restricted into a secondary position in comparison with men.
As violence against women is spread worldwide, many women are targets because of their ethnic group, class, sex or disability status.
Many women think that the psychological consequences of abuse are even more dangerous than its physical effects. The experience of abuse often shakes women's self-respect and puts them at great risk of a number of mental health problems, such as:
Depression is becoming broadly recognized as a main health problem in the world.
Women who are abused by their partners suffer more depression and anxiety than women who have not been abused, according to studies in Australia, Nicaragua, Pakistan, and the US.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a strong anxiety disorder that can happen when people go through or witness a very unpleasant event in which they feel disappointed and helpless or fear death or injury. The symptoms of PTSD contain mentally reliving the upsetting event by means of flashbacks (闪回,倒叙) ; avoiding anything that would remind one of the events; experiencing discomfort in sleeping and concentrating; and being easily alarmed or frightened.
The severe violence is also likely to lead to suicide. Some women kill themselves or try to do so. Researches from some countries, including Sweden, and the US, have showed that domestic violence is closely connected with suicide. Abused women who have PTSD symptoms prove to be most likely to try suicide.
Abused women are more likely than other women to misuse alcohol and drugs.
When a person' s everyday life functioning or life alternatives continue to be influenced, a post-traumatic stress disorder may be the problem, requiring professional treatment.
Title:
I . 0f historically unequal status
Domination and discrimination from men , leading position and preventing
II. : women's self-respect shake and
occur.
, a main health problem
Post-traumatic stress disorder, a strong , happens under certain conditions.
One of its symptoms is mentally reliving by means of flashbacks.
, especially for women with PTSD symptoms
Alcohol and drug misuse
III. Professional treatment
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