高中英语试题

I've always loved the ocean. In the_＿36_＿ (seven) grade,I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage,＿37＿(think)it is food.

I decided to do something ＿38＿ (educate) people about this problem. I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company_39＿ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.

One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws （吸管）． I found the contact information of the company＿ 40＿ emailed its president. I told him how ＿ 41＿ (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. I was so＿ 42_ (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half.

I kept going. Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to ＿43＿ (be) Alaska Airlines Paris. A company ＿44_ (represent). wrote back and told me the airline was switching over ＿45＿ plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.

Over the past 38 years, Mr. Wang has pretended to be someone else many times,and has even learned to＿21＿different dialects（方言），leading to him being described as an "Oscar-winning actor".

The 60-year-old is not an actor, but a ＿22.＿However,he is more devoted to his " ＿23＿ "than any real actor.

In the 1990s, a group of thieves often sold stolen goods with the heip of some beggars. To look into the ＿24＿，Wang disguised（伪装）himself and ＿25＿ the beggars．Dirty shorts and old shoes gave him the ＿26＿ of a real beggar and his convincing dialect soon won him the ＿27＿ of the beggars.

"I often ＿28＿ them to drink alcohol. Once they were ＿29＿,they began to talk a lot,"Wang said. "I'd then __30 __ myself to use the toilet, ＿31＿what the beggars said, and send the ＿32＿ to my teammates."

Wang，who is often in__33＿ situations， is also a judo （柔道） master． "As long as I get close enough, no criminal can __ 34__ from me," he said.

Wang's __ 35__ won him several honors, including a National May Day Labor Medal and 11 Citations of Merit.Paris.

21.

A．

teach

B．

compare

C．

assess

D．

speak

22.

A．

lawyer

B．

doctor

C．

policeman

D．

businessman

23.

A．

role

B．

study

C．

family

D．

audience

24.

A．

minor

B．

case

C．

future

D．

question

25.

A．

interviewed

B．

joined

C．

arrested

D．

assisted

26.

A．

challenge

B．

experience

C．

appearance

D．

freedom

27.

A．

vote

B．

sympathy

C．

permission

D．

trust

28.

A．

invited

B．

forced

C．

helped

D．

expected

29.

A．

drunk

B．

deserted

C．

bored

D．

lost

30.

A．

guide

B．

persuade

C．

excuse

D．

allow

31.

A．

refer to

B．

note down

C．

ask about

D．

miss out

32.

A．

plan

B．

agreement

C．

direction

D．

information

33.

A．

awkward

B．

dangerous

C．

unfortunate

D．

strange

34.

A．

separate

B．

recover

C．

escape

D．

hear

35.

A．

courage

B．

honesty

C．

kindness

D．

optimism

阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

If the only reading you ever do is the novel or magazine, the speed at which you read -probably does not matter very much. But if you have to read a great deal for study, you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly. 16 _________

·Before you open the book, make sure that you are comfortable. You need a seat which supports your back and the book should be at the right distance from your eyes. 17 _________

18 ___________Look at the table of contents, the preface, the chapter heading,etc.This will help you to decide whether you really need to read the whole book or only certain parts of it. Ten minutes spent in this way could save you quite a lot of time in the long run.

· If you decide that you need to read the whole book, decide how much you can read at a time. 19_______ A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with scientific subjects. In the former case you may be able to read a chapter. In the latter you may only be able to read one page.

Always keep a pencil and paper beside you. 20 ___________Note also the facts important for your purpose as well as anything which leads you to further research. You don't have to write these things in detail. It is enough to put the page number and one or two words as a reminder .

A．	Stop to have a rest now and then.
B．	Spend a few minutes looking through the book.
C．	This depends on the type of book you are reading.
D．	Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.
E．	Make a note of any page which is of special importance.
F．	You may find yourself having to leam something by heart.
G．	G Keep the room cool rather than warm to avoid feeling sleepy.

An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.

Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags （标签）on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape，color and texture （质地） of grass. That way， cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.

Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.

For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.

Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concems about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.

12.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?

A．	Soil pollution.	B．	Lack of workers.
C．	Aging machines.	D．	Low profitability.

13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?

A．	Monitor the quality of grass.	B．	Cure the diseased cattle.
C．	Move cattle to another field.	D．	Predict weather changes.

14.Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?

A．	He wants to help them earn a living.	B．	He thinks men can do the job better.
C．	He is inexperienced in using robots.	D．	He enjoys the traditional way of life.

15.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?

A．	Increase the value of cattle.	B．	Bring down the cost of labor.
C．	Make the job more appealing.	D．	Keep cattle from being stolen.

A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.

Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution （变革）. "We are going to make a change，＂she said.＂I＇ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools."

The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.

Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. "I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up," she said. "We need artists . more than ever in our schools."

Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: "Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.

Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. "It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."

8.What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?

A．	Make a movie.	B．	Build new schools.
C．	Run a project.	D．	Help local musicians.

9.What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?

A．	It is particularly difficult.	B．	It increases artists' income.
C．	It opens children's mind.	D．	It deserves greater attention.

10.What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?

A．	Moral principles.	B．	Interpersonal skills.
C．	Creative abilities.	D．	Positive worldviews.

11.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?

A．	Bring Artists to Schools	B．	When Historians Meet Artists
C．	Arts Education in Britain	D．	The World's Best Arts Teacher

I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo.paris for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs（幼兽）that have ever been born here. Globally， a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home.

I've got two children - the younger one, Kynan, was extremely happy about the tigers arriving - but all of us really looked forward to being part of their lives and watching them grow. I wasn't worried about bringing them into my home with my wife and kids. These were cubs. They weighed about 2.5 kg and were so small that there was absolutely no risk.

As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.

Things quickly got very intense due to the huge amount of energy required to look after them. There were some tough times and I just felt extremely tired. I was grateful that my family was there to help. We had to have a bit of a production line going, making up "tiger milk", washing baby bottles, and cleaning the floors.

When Spot and Stripe were four months old, they were learning how to open doors and jump fences, and we knew it really was time for them to go. It was hard for us to finally part with them. For the first few days, Kynan was always a bit disappointed that the cubs weren't there.

I'm not sad about it. I'm hands-on with them every day at the zoo, and I do look back very fondly on the time that we had them.

4.Why did the author bring the tiger cubs home?

A．	To ensure their survival.	B．	To observe their differences.
C．	To teach them life skills.	D．	To let them play with his kids.

5. What do the underlined words "get up to mischief' mean in paragraph 3?

A．	Behave badly.	B．	Lose their way.
C．	Sleep soundly.	D．	Miss their mom.

6.What did the author think of raising the tiger cubs at home?

A．

Boring.

B．

Tiring.

C．

Costly.

D．

Risky.

7.Why did the author decide to send Spot and Stripe back to the zoo?

A．	They frightened the children.	B．	They became difficult to contain.
C．	They annoyed the neighbours.	D．	They started fighting each other.

Things to Do in Yorkshire This Summer

Harrogate Music Festival

Since its birth,Harrogate Music Festival has gone from strength to strength.This year, we are celebrating our 50th anniversary. We begin on 1st June with Manchester Camerata and Nicola Benedetti,presenting an amazing programme of Mozart pieces.

Dates:1 June-31 July

Tickets:£12-£96

Jodie's Fitness Summer Classes

As the summer months roll in, our Georgian country estate makes the perfect setting for an outdoor fitness session. Come and work out with our qualified personal trainer, Jodie McGregor,on the grounds of the Middleton Lodge estate.

We will be holding a free taster session on 23rd May,at 10 am, to demonstrate the variety of effective and active exercises. There are eight spaces available for the taster session. Advance bookings are required([e-mail])

Dates:23 May-11 July

Tickets: £7.50 per session

Felt Picture Making

Working from an inspirational picture,this workshop at Helmsley Arts Centre will teach you the techniques you will need to recreate your picture in wool.

We will also discuss the origins of felt（毛毡），what enables wool fibres to become felt and how the processes we use work.

Dates: 12 June-12 July

Tickets: £40 including materials

Figure It Out!-Playing with Math

A new exhibition in Halifax uses everyday activities to explain the hidden math principles we all use on a regular basis. Pack a bag, cut a cake, guess which juice container holds the most liquid,and much more.Discover how architects, product designers and scientists use similar skills in their work.

Dates:7 May-10 June

Tickets:Free

1.What should you do if you want to attend the taster session of Jodie's fitness classes?

A．	Join a fitness club.	B．	Pay a registration fee.
C．	Make a booking.	D．	Hire a personal trainer.

2. How much is the ticket for Felt Picture Making?

A．

£7.50.

B．

£12.

C．

£40.

D．

£96.

3.Which of the following starts earliest?

A．	Harrogate Music Festival.	B．	Jodie's Fitness Summer Classes.
C．	Felt Picture Making.	D．	Figure It Out!-Playing with Math.

假设你是红星中学高三学生李华．你和英国好友Jim原定本周末一起外出，你因故不能赴约．请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：

1．表达歉意并说明原因；

2．提出建议并给出理由．

注意：1.词数100左右；

2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数．

Dear Jim，

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours，

Li Hua

Recent research suggests that if an argument gets resolved，the emotional response tied to it is significantly reduced or almost completely erased．Thus，it may be worth bringing up issues with your friends， family members，or classmates rather than holding them back．

There is a difference between arguing and fighting．Arguing is that you and your opponent present your concerns and discuss the feelings and issues related to those concerns．You can engage in an argument respectfully without stirring up（激起） anger．Fighting，however，usually involves personal attacks，raising of voices， and storming out．Discussing your issues and resolving them instead of stuffing them down can improve your emotional health．In a study，2.000 people were asked to record their feelings and experiences for eight days in a row．When people had an argument that they considered resolved， they had half the reactivity （情绪反应） of those who avoided an argument．Reactivity is an increase in negative emotions or a decrease in positive emotions．In other words，resolving an argument cuts your negative feelings by half．One day later， people who had a resolved argument reported no increase of negative emotions compared with those who avoided an argument． This means that resolving an argument can feel like you have reached a state of resolution-and you are less likely to be annoyed．

Moreover，the older you are，the more likely you will come to a resolution after an argument．This may be because more life experience usually leads to more defined priorities．You are more likely to distinguish between what matters and what does not．

It is easier to avoid a discussion，but risking talking about it may eventually lead to a better outcome．

40. According to this passage，what is arguing？

41. Why is it that "the older you are， the more likely you will come to a resolution after an argument"？

42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement，then underline it and explain why．

Resolving arguments can improve your emotional health，because it increases your reactivity and reduces the chance of you getting angry．

43. In addition to improving emotional health，what do you think are some other benefits of resolving an argument？ （In about 40 words）

Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people．    35   The mental health benefits from music can't be argued．Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes．

   36   However, for the same reason, music can be very beneficial if one is in pain．By distracting （分心） the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and anxiety levels．This, of course, can lead to less pain．

Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed．    37   While the validity of the idea is still being assessed，the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure．Similarly, according to researchers，listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels， through the lowering of stress and anxiety．

When it comes to heart health，there is speculation （推测） that it's not the style of music， but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health．In one European study，participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure．    38   On the other hand，when the music slowed，the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit．

   39   But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，which is what makes music so valuable．

A．	This feeling can also result in many other health problems．
B．	Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud．
C．	This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing．
D．	They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep．
E．	The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive．
F．	It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety．
G．	Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were．

Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question you're asking．

Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy, we related time to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？

Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll see the opposite effect．

The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．

Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people"corrected"official calendars by shifting dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage environmental awareness．

When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as praiseworthy as its purpose．

31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？

A．	Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B．	Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C．	The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D．	Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．

32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to__________．

A．	present an assumption	B．	evaluate an argument
C．	highlight an experiment	D．	introduce an approach

33. What can we learn from this passage？

A．	Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B．	New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．.
C．	Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D．	Modern technology may help to shape the rivers' temporal frame．

34. What can we infer from this passage？

A．	It is crucial to improve the definition of time．
B．	A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C．	We should live in harmony with nature．
D．	History is a mirror reflecting reality．

Hundreds of scientists，writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open letter published last December：Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse．Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as"a credible scenario（情景） this century"．

A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events，food insecurity，and freshwater shortages might create global collapse．Of course，if you are a non-human species，collapse is well underway．

The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germanein this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations．Not very long ago，it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so disastrously lacking in flexibility．

The international scholars' warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might happen．Collapseology，the study of collapse，is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers of everyday civilization．Among the signatories（签署者）of the warning was Bob Johnson，the originator of the"ecological footprint"concept，which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given lifestyle．With the current footprint of humanity，"it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form，possibly within a decade，certainly within this century，"Johnson said in an email．

Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits, the December warning letter says，can we have the hope to reduce their "speed，severity and harm"．And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to be ignored．We all want to hope things will turn out fine．As a poet wrote，

Man is a victi m of dope（麻醉品）

In the incurable form of hope ．

The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent（执着） on quieting hope that ignores preparedness．"Let's look directly into the issue of collapse，"hey say，"and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future．"

28. What does the underlined word "germane" in Paragraph 3 probably mean？

A．	Scientific．	B．	Credible．
C．	Original．	D．	Relevant．

29. As for the public awareness of global collapse，the author is__________．

A．	worried	B．	puzzled
C．	surprised	D．	scared

30. What can we learn from this passage？

A．	The signatories may change the biophysical limits．
B．	The author agrees with the message of the poem．
C．	The issue of collapse is being prioritized．
D．	The global collapse is well underway．

I remember the day during our first week of class when we were informed about our semester（学期） project of volunteering at a non-profit organization．When the teacher introduced us to the different organizations that needed our help，my last choice was Operation Iraqi Children （OIC）．My first impression of the organization was that it was not going to make enough of a difference with the plans I had in mind．

Then，an OIC representative gave us some details，which somewhat interested me．After doing some research， I believed that we could really do something for those kids．When I went online to the OIC website，I saw pictures of the Iraqi children．Their faces were so powerful in sending a message of their despair（绝望） and need that I joined this project without hesitation．We decided to collect as many school supplies as possible，and make them into kits--one kit，one child．

The most rewarding day for our group was project day，when all the efforts we put into collecting the items finally came together．When I saw the various supplies we had collected，it hit me that every kit we were to build that day would eventually be in the hands of an Iraqi child．Over the past four months，I had never imagined how I would feel once our project was completed．While making the kits，I realized that I had lost sight of the true meaning behind it．I had only focused on the fact that it was another school project and one I wanted to get a good grade on．When the kits were completed，and ready to be sent overseas，the warm feeling I had was one I would never forget．

In the beginning，I dared myself to make a difference in the life of another person．Now that our project is over，I realize that I have affected not only one life，but ten．With our efforts，ten young boys and girls will now be able to further their education．

24.How did the author feel about joining the OIC project in the beginning？

A．	It would affect his/her initial plans．
B．	It would involve traveling overseas．
C．	It would not bring him/her a good grade．
D．	It would not live up to his/her expectations．

25. What mainly helped the author change his/her attitude toward the project？

A．	Images of Iraqi children．	B．	Research by his/her classmates．
C．	A teacher's introduction．	D．	A representative's comments．

26. The author's OIC project group would help ten Iraqi children to__________．.

A．	become OIC volunteers	B．	further their education
C．	study in foreign countries	D．	influence other children

27. What can we conclude from this passage？

A．	One's potential cannot always be underrated．
B．	First impression cannot always be trusted．
C．	Actions speak louder than words．
D．	He who hesitates is lost．

If you are planning to start a career in the field of education，science，or culture，then an internship（实习） at UNESCO will be ideal for you．

Who can apply ？

         You have completed your full-time university studies；or

         You are studying in a graduate program for a master's degree．

         Applicants in technical assignments must have reached the last year of their studies in a technical institution．

What are the requirements ？

         You must be at least 20 years old．

         You should have a good command （掌握） of either English or French．

         You must have an excellent knowledge of office-related software．

         You should be able to work well in a team and adapt to an international working environment．

         You should possess strong interpersonal and communication skills．

What do you need to prepare ？

         Visa：You should obtain the necessary visas．

         Travel：You must arrange and finance your travel to and from the location where you will do your internship．

         Medical insurance：You must show proof of a comprehensive health insurance valid（有效的）in the target country for the entire period of the internship．UNESCO will provide limited insurance coverage up to USD30,000 for the internship period．

         Medical certificate：You must provide a medical certificate indicating you are fit to work．

         Motivation letter：You should have your motivation letter ready before filling out the application form．

Your application will be accessed by UNESCO managers and will stay in our database for six months．We do not respond to every candidate．If selected，you will be contacted by a manager．If you do not receive any update within six months，it means that your application has not been successful．

21. According to this passage，applicants are required to_________．

A．	hold a master's degree in science
B．	have international work experience
C．	be fluent in either English or French
D．	present a letter from a technical institution

22. What will UNESCO provide for the internship period？

A．	Limited medical insurance coverage．
B．	Training in communication skills．
C．	A medical certificate for work．
D．	Financial support for travel．

23. What should applicants do before filling out the application form？

A．	Contact UNESCO managers．	B．	Get access to the database．
C．	Keep a motivation letter at hand．	D．	Work in a team for six months．

There 17 （be） a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years， 18 （cause） largely by rising global temperatures，according to a new report from the United Nations．From 2000 to 2019，there were7,348 major natural disasters around the world， 19 （result） in USD2,970 billion in economic loss．Much of this increase can be due to climate change．The findings show a critical need 20 （invest）in disaster prevention.