高中英语任务型阅读阅读填空

Once kids hit the teenage years, parenting becomes more difficult than ever. Establishing（建立）effective house rules is one of the best ways to educate teenagers. House rules must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure they behave responsibly.
How can effective house rules be established?
First of all, get your teenager to take part in making the rules, which can help keep them motivated to follow them. Ask their opinion about what sorts of things they think are important when creating the rules and try to include some of their ideas.
When creating the list of rules, don’t list every single rule imaginable. Instead, try to limit it to the ten most important rules. I’ve seen some parents come up with several pages of rules which turn out to be more like a rule book rather than a list. Remember, it is important to make the list easy to remember and to be a basic guide.
Then, it is important that you write out the list of rules and hang them in a prominent (显眼的) location. Keeping the rules on the refrigerator or displayed somewhere where everyone can see them is a good reminder. Revise the rules whenever there’s a need, not very frequently though.
Explain clearly in advance what negative result will be in store when a rule gets broken. But ensure that none of your results are equal to abusive parenting. For example, take off the rule that says — “if you don’t get home by 11 at night, make arrangements to stay elsewhere until morning”. Let helping with small household chores like cleaning up their own rooms serve as a result of breaking rules.
Follow these tips on establishing effective house rules accompanied by constant positive reinforcement (执行),and you will see the improvement in your teenager’s behavior. Hope you can direct your teenager to become a responsible and independent person with the help of house rules!

Title	Establishing house rules for ___________
Requirements for house rules	They must respect teenagers’ desire to be independent and make sure that teenagers have responsible___________.

 

__________ on establishing effective house rules	Trying to make the rules together ____________ teenagers.	Ask their opinions Include their ideas
Keeping the house rules simple	Avoid___________ every single rule imaginable. Limit the list to the most important rules.
Writing  out the list of rules and hanging them somewhere visible	____________ your teenager of the rules Make the rules revised ____________ necessary.
___________ clearly the results	Don’t abuse children if they ___________ rules
Conclusion	Your teenager’s behavior will___________ with the help of effective house rules.

The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses. Being part of a large crowd makes it so no single person has to take responsibility for an action (or inaction).
The most frequently cited example of the bystander effect in introductory psychology textbooks is the brutal murder of a young woman named Catherine "Kitty" Genovese. On Friday, March 13, 1964, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work. As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed by a man later identified as Winston Moseley.
Despite Genovese’s repeated calls for help, none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called police to report the incident. The attack first began at 3:20 AM, but it was not until 3:50 AM that someone first contacted police.
While Genovese's case has been subject to numerous misrepresentations and inaccuracies, there have been numerous other cases reported in recent years. The bystander effect can clearly have a powerful impact on the general conduct of people in a society, but why exactly does it happen? Why don't we help when we are part of a crowd?
There are several factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation is ambiguous. In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnesses reported that they believed that they were witnessing a "lover's quarrel," and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered.
Characteristics of the situation can play a role. During a crisis, things are often chaotic and the situation is not always crystal clear. Onlookers might wonder exactly what is happening. During such chaotic moments, people often look to others in the group to determine what is appropriate. When people look at the crowd and see that no one else is reacting, it sends a signal that perhaps no action is needed.
So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap of inaction? Some psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is perhaps the greatest way to break the cycle. When faced with a situation that requires action, understanding how the bystander effect might be holding you back and consciously taking steps to overcome it can help. However, this does not mean you should place yourself in danger.
But what if you are the person in need of assistance? How can you inspire people to lend a hand? One often-recommended tactic is to single out one person from the crowd. Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help. By personalizing and individualizing your request, it becomes much harder for people to turn you down.

The Bystander Effect
Passage outline	Supporting details
Concept of the bystander effect	The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others keeps an individual from becoming______ in an emergency situation. It is obvious that the bystander effect can greatly influence______behavior.
Typical example	In 1964, a young woman named Genovese met with violence and her life was _________ outside her apartment, while bystanders who observed the crime did not step in to assist or call the police.
_________ for the bystander effect	Individuals are less likely to take action or feel a sense of _________ in front of a large group of people. Before deciding to offer help, observers may want to make_________ that it is appropriate to react. Besides, there is a natural __________ for people to follow the crowd before the situation is clear.
________ of the bystander effect	You should realize or know the _________of the bystander effect and take measures to get rid of it. When in need of help, you should_________ one from the crowd, which Will increase your chance of getting your request across and being helped.

“We see lots of adults being diagnosed as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (多动症) around age 38,” says Timothy Widens, MD, an professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. “That’s right around the time people start doing more-tasks, juggling jobs, families, a home, and other personal duties，” he says.
But not everyone who slacks on work or forgets appointments has ADHD; there are plenty of other reasons you may be losing attentions. Here are five things that could be sucking your attention span dry.
1. Technology overload
Your computer, cell phone, and iPod all compete for your attention—no wonder you're distracted(心烦意乱)! To a certain point, your brain can act as secretary, keeping you organized and helping with time management. But the more tasks you try to do, the harder it is for you to stay focused on any single task, research shows. Learning basic organizational skills, like writing down responsibilities and maintaining a day planner, can help reduce these problems. So take a break from constant television, Internet, and email floods
2. Lack of sleep
If you’re missing out on enough shut-eye—most likely seven to eight hours a night—you’re probably easy-angry, dealing with mind fog, and have difficulty addressing daily tasks. That’s a normal reaction, says Dr. Widens.
3. Poor job satisfaction
Sure, everyone’s unhappy at work from time to time—maybe your customer presentation failed or your boss gave you a poor performance review. And if a disorganized working environment or a boring project make it difficult to focus, that's completely normal. But if you find that you often can't complete projects，you probably need medical attention, or a new job.
4. Too much stress
Stress takes side affects on concentration. Researchers at the University of Madison found that the relaxation technique can add to your ability to focus on your mind. Another study, from researchers at UCLA, suggests that in adults with ADHD, meditation improves attention and eases symptoms of anxiety and depression.
5. Too little exercise
Mounting evidence suggests that regular exercise can keep your mind sharp and increase learning and memory ability. It’s even more important in adults with ADHD. ” My patients who exercise all report that they see improvement in attention,” says Dr. Widens. Working up a sweat can also help you burn off the extra energy that causes you to feel uncomfortable, and it can help you sleep better at night.
Hopefully after you understand these helpful methods, you become more attentive on what you are doing.

Reasons that You Lose
Passage outline	Supporting details
The    of the passage	To tell us we can improve our concentration by following the five things.
Technology overload	Your computer, cell phone, and iPod all compete for your attention—no wonder you're distracted! So       yourself away from constant television, Internet, and email inundation— just for a break.
Lack of sleep	If you’re missing out on enough shut-eye, you are         to be easy-angry, dealing with mind fog, and have difficulty solving daily tasks.
Poor job	Everyone’s unhappy at work from time to time. When      in a disorganized environment or on a boring project, you find it difficult for you to complete projects.
Too much stress	Stress takes side effects on concentration. Relaxing yourself can      your ability to focus on your mind.
Too little exercise	Mounting evidence suggests that regular exercise can keep your mind sharp and increase learning and memory     .
	After      these helpful methods, you are wished to be more attentive on what you are doing.

As Chinese President Xi Jinping leaves on Friday on his first overseas tour, which includes stops in Moscow and three African countries, Beijing’s media is very interested in Xi’s famous wife Peng Liyuan, who will be traveling with him.
China’s new First Lady, one of the country’s most famous folk singers and
a World Health Organization Goodwill Ambassador(亲善大使) for
Tuberculosis(结核病) and HIV/AIDS, has long been as well known
as her husband.
The news that she would come along with her husband on the trip has already attracted widespread attention on China’s micro-blogging service, where expectations(期望) are high about her ability to promote China’s image abroad.
“Each country’s First Lady has her own style and charm, and the thing that the world loves is color and difference,” says Tsinghua University political scientist Tang Xiaoyang.
As Peng and President Xi start their trip to Moscow, Tanzania, South Africa and the Republic of Congo, the outing is the president’s first chance to shape his image as China’s new leader before foreign audiences.
Renmin University journalism professor Zhong Xin says there are high expectations that Peng will help her husband pass on a friendly image of China.
“Mrs. Peng is beautiful and popular.” Zhong said, explaining that the new First Lady will not only have a good effect on herself, but the president and the whole country.

Peng Liyuan—China’s New First Lady
A brief__________	● Beautiful and popular. ● Famous for her folk __________. ● Well-known ________ a World Health Organization Goodwill Ambassador for Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.
Her overseas tour	● Setting out with her __________—President Xi. ● Starting her overseas tour on Friday, __________stops in Moscow and three African countries.
Widespread attention on her	● Beijing’s media is__________ in her. ● On China’s micro-blogging service, people express that they look forward to her__________ China’s image abroad. ● The world expects her to be colorful and__________ from other countries’ First Ladies.
Possible effects	● Peng will help President Xi pass on a(n) ________ image of China. ● Peng will not only have a good__________ on herself, but the president and the whole country.

Many people think a telephone is a necessity. But I think it is of great harm and a time waste. Very often you find it impossible to escape from it. If you have a telephone in your own house, you will admit that it tends to ring when you least want it to ring: when you are asleep or in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are in your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it? You are not. You think there may be some important news or message for you. I can assure you that if a message is really important it will reach you sooner or later. Have you ever gone to answer a telephone in a hurry from the bath, or from the table, or from the bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number?
But you will say, you need not have your name printed in the telephone directory, and you can have a telephone which is only usable for outgoing calls. Besides, you will say, isn’t it important to have a telephone in case of sudden emergency---illness, accident, or fire? Of course, you are right, but here in a thickly populated country like England one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity.
I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. I admit that in different circumstances---if I were a wealthy and powerful businessperson, for instance, or badly ill and had to lie in bed. I might find a telephone a necessity. But then if I were a taxi-driver I should find a car a necessity. Let me put it another way: there are two things for which the English seem to show particular talent: one is mechanical invention, the other literature. My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them. For I have had just been handed a piece of paper to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone. I think I had better answer it. After all, one never knows, it may be something important.

Title: The 
Different    towards it	Many people: It is        when one wants to make a call, especially in time of emergency. The author: It can         time and even be        . Not everyone,        a businessperson or a sick person who has to stay in bed, needs it.
Problems with it	It        to ring when one doesn’t want it to ring. Almost         can ignore it even if they want to. One          to answer it only to find that he is a wrong number. Anyway, one has to answer it, because it may be something   .

The emotional bond a child secures with its parents has a greater impact on its education than previously thought, a report suggests. The Sutton Trust study says children’s early attachment to parents has far-reaching consequences for their ability to speak, learn and think. Parents who are insecure themselves find it harder to provide children with security, it says. And the report calls for more help so parents can develop such crucial bonds. The study focuses on the application of the theory of attachment—a key theory in child developement and psychology. This says the degree to which children are secure and resilient as they grow up depends on their own early experiences with their mothers and fathers and how they have bonded.
The report from the Sutton Trust education charity, entitled Baby Bonds, makes the case that it has an important impact on children’s future educational chances as well as their emotional well-being. It is based on an analysis of more than 100 studies on the issue, including home visits and assessments and observations of children in a range of countries. The trust argues that although psychologists have been aware of attachment theory, it has not been seen by policy makers as a key influence on educational attainment. And it asks them to take this into account. The report says when babies and toddlers do not form these strong parental bonds—known as secure attachment—they are more likely to exhibit poor language and poor behavior before they reach school.
And it cites international studies which suggest this continues late into life, with insecure children more likely to leave school early or duck out of employment or training. They are also more likely to suffer from aggression, defiance and hyperactivity later in life.
The Sutton Trust says its analysis of the research suggests that about 40% of children in the UK lack a secure attachment with their parents. Lead author Sophie Moullin said that when her team looked at large scale representative studies in a number of countries they all found, from their observations, that between 38% and 42% of children suffered from poor attachment in all the different study locations. She added: “Secure attachment really helps children with emotional and social development and at school it really helps them to manage their behavior. Shouting, looking out of the window, hitting each other…These are the things that teachers will tell you that are stopping children from learning. It’s really only as we understand more about these behavior problems that we have decided that a lot of it goes back to this early bonding with parents. ”
Research director at the trust Conor Ryan said: “Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to more social mobility, as there is such a clear link to education, behavior and future employment. The educational divide emerges early in life, with a 19—month school readiness gap between the most and least advantaged children by the age of five.
This report clearly identifies the fundamental role secure attachment could have in narrowing that school readiness gap and improving children’s life chances. “More support from health visitors, children’s centers together with local authorities in helping parents improve how they bond with young children could play a role in narrowing the education gap. ”

The Sutton Trust study
Introduction	The study reveals children’s early attachment to parents _______ affects their ability to speak, learn and think.
Method of the study	Researchers_______ more than 100 case studies on the issue through visiting homes, assessing children and ________children.
Statistics of the study	·In the UK, only about 60% of children have a secure attachment with their parents. ·In other countries where the studies were carried out, the numbers are quite________.
Negative effects of insecure _______	·A________ of secure parental bonding may lead to poor language and behavior for preschool children. At the age of five, the_______ school readiness gap between children can be 19 months. ·Without secure attachment, future life difficulties such as quitting school, _________ from work and other emotional issues would emerge.
The significance of parental attachment	Better bonding between parents and babies could lead to a change in people’s social ________ because it narrows children’s school readiness gap and it improves children’s life chances.
Suggestion	A_____ effort is needed for strong parent-child bonding.

An E-ticket ride is an especially thrilling amusement park ride. The term now can refer to anything extraordinary. What distinguishes this from any other ride is the level of detail, technology, and entertainment value.
From 1955-1982, the Disneyland theme park in Anaheim, California, sold individual ride tickets with admission to the park. In 1972, simple rides like the King Arthur Carousel took A-tickets, while Alice In Wonderland was B-tickets. C and D-ticket rides were a bit more advanced, including Peter Pan’s Flight, and Flight to the Moon. The biggest, best, and newest rides in the park were reserved for the 85 cent E-ticket. In the 1970s, this list included Pirates of the Caribbean, and the Haunted Mansion.
One interesting thing about the tickets is that Disney officials consistently referred to them as coupons, while guests insisted they should be called tickets. In 1982, the tickets — or coupons — were phased out of the Disneyland world, as the park introduced a pay-one-price admission.
As a replacement of sorts for the ticketing system, Disney introduced the FASTPASS® for some of the rides. Generally, the FASTPASS® is used on the most popular rides. Rumors often circulate to suggest that Disneyland is planning to stop using this system in favor of VIP tickets, outraging some fans.
From 1997-2004, the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida offered an experience called E-ride Nights. This popular, although costly, extra allowed ticket-holding visitors to stay in the park three hours after closing and ride some of the most popular attractions.
Today, although the tickets no longer officially exist, Disney fans still classify rides by their ticket status. In the 2007 announcement of expansions to the California Adventure Park, at least two new E-ticket attractions were announced, the Little Mermaid ride and a test-track racing ride based on the Pixar movie Cars. Recent criticisms of the re-opened Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage suggest that some fans think the ride has been downgraded to a D-ticket from its former glory.
In popular culture, the phrase has been used to refer to an extraordinary experience. American astronaut Sally Ride famously referred to riding the space shuttle as an E-ticket experience. The phrase has appeared in several movies. Fans of the Disney parks have also produced a ride-based fan magazine called The “E” Ticket since 1986. Although the term no longer applies to the Disney method of ride admission, it is still consistently popular as a popular phrase.
What Is an E-Ticket Ride?

Outlines	Supporting Details
______ of E-Ticket Ride	●It is a thrilling amusement park ride. ●It______ from any other ride in the level of detail, technology, and entertainment value.
______ of ride tickets	●From 1955-1982, A, B, C and D-ticket rides______ up in the Disneyland theme park. ●FASTPASS® was introduced to Disney to______ for the ticketing system. ●From 1997-2004, people could go  ______E-ride Nights in the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. ●Disney officials referred to them as coupons all the time. ●In 2007, at least two new E-ticket attractions were announced to  ______ to the California Adventure Park.
Present situation	●In popular culture, the term can refer to extraordinary______. ●American astronaut Sally Ride______ riding the space shuttle as an E-ticket experience. ●Although the term no longer applies to the Disney method of ride admission, it______ consistently popular as a popular phrase.

Definitions of literature have varied over time. In fact, it is a “culturally relative definition”. Once in Western Europe, literature indicated all books and writing. During the Romantic period, it began to refer to “imaginative” literature. Nowadays literature is seen as a term used to describe written or spoken material, including all the following.
Poetry uses rhythmic qualities of language to bring out meanings in addition to, or in place of, unimaginative surface meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose(散文) by its being set inverse (颠倒); prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines.
Novel is typically written in a narrative (叙事) style and presented as a book. Novels tell stories, in which the characters and events are usually imaginary. The novel has been a part of human culture for over a thousand years, although its origins are somewhat debated. Regardless of how it began, the novel has remained one of the most popular and treasured examples of human culture and writing. It remains an essential part of the literary cultures of nearly all societies around the world.
Novella is classified as “Too short to be a novel, too long to be a short story”. There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count. Literary prizes and publishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits, which vary according to their particular intentions.
A short story is different from novels or novellas in that the plot is usually tied to one single chain of events. Because the reader must identify with a character quickly to become engaged, the tale is often told from the chief character’s point of view.
A drama refers to a play for the theatre, television or radio. It generally consists of chiefly dialogue between characters. It also uses dance to convey their message. Dramas usually aim at dramatic performance rather than at reading. In theater, a drama is presented by actors to an audience.
Good literary works depend on literary techniques. A literary technique can be used by authors in order to improve the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects.
Literary techniques include a wide range of approaches to crafting a work. The ability to let readers know what might happen in the future in an indirect way is possible through the technique foreshadowing. The practice of representing objects and qualities as human beings in literature is personification. Symbolism is the use of symbols to represent ideas.

Literature
Definitions of literature	Definitions of literature have kept changing all the time.
They are connected with __________.
Among them are “books and__________”, “ ‘imaginative’ literature” and “written or spoken material”.
Categories of literature	Poetry, with rhyme, uses unusual word order in lines, which may be a barrier to see what it__________.
A novel takes the form of a book, talking about what is ________ up by the writer.
The novella, as for length, exists between a ________ and a short story.
___________ from novels and novellas, a short story tells a comparatively simple story.
Dramas are _________ rather than read, with the ideas expressed either orally or physically.
Literary _______	A warning or sign of a future event is given by using the technique called foreshadowing.
When personification is used, something _________ life is treated as if it were a human being.
Symbolism is the practice of representing ideas by means of_________.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Not all print dictionaries are the same, as you will notice when you select one. To make a wise selection, you should know how to distinguish among three kinds of print dictionaries: pocket, desk, and unabridged. You should also know the copyright date of your dictionary, and check is special features.
A pocket dictionary is small. Generally, it contains no more than 75000 entries, making it hardly to carry to class and efficient to use. However, a pocket dictionary doesn't contain enough entries to be adequate for college reference homework. In addition, the information about each word in a pocket dictionary is generally limited. A desk dictionary is medium sized, generally containing over 100,000 entries as well as extra features. For college work, you should own a current desk dictionary. An unabridged dictionary is a complete dictionary. Abridged dictionaries, such as pocket and desk dictionaries, are shortened. Because unabridged dictionaries contain nearly all English words, they are large and heavy. They are often used by schools and libraries.
If the copyright date of your current dictionary shows that it was published five or more years ago, consider investing in a more recent edition. English is a dynamic language that admits new words and recognizes changes in meaning, spelling, and usage of familiar words. This is reflected in an up-to-date dictionary.
In selecting a dictionary, check the features it offers besides vocabulary definitions. Many editions contain signs, symbols and foreign words. Some also contain CD-ROMs and access to special online features.

Many of us invest valuable time，energy and money planning our vacations. We do this because we know for sure that going on vacations must be good for us. Research proves this feeling without a doubt. Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.
Yet, despite these benefits, many of us return home with a feeling that our last vacation was OK - but not great. In order to change this, some mistakes should be avoided. A classic one for vacation planners is attempting to maximize value for money by planning trips that have too many components (组成部分)• Perhaps you're planning a trip to Europe, seven cities in 10 days，and you realize it will cost only a little more to add two more destinations to the list Sounds fine in theory, but hopping from one place to the next hardly gives an opportunity to experience what psychologists call mindfulness - time to take in our new surroundings, time to be present and absorb our travel experiences. Another mistake is that we worry too much about strategic issues such as how to find a good flight deal，how to get from A to B，or which destinations to add or subtract from our journey. These issues may seem important, but our psychological state of mind is far more important.
Actually, vacation happiness is based on the following top rules. First, choose your travel companions wisely, because nothing contributes more significantly to a trip than the right companions. Second，don't spend your vacation time in a place where everything is too expensive so as to maintain a positive mood. Third, shop wisely, for meaningful experiences provide more long-term happiness than physical possessions.

阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。
注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Many people believe that classical music is not relevant music is not relevant to young people today . However, this issue (问题) frequently causes heated debate.
Some people say that classical music is associated only with old people .For example, if you look at the audience at a classical concert , the majority is over the age of fifty.
Others say it is more popular than we first imagine . Many young people listen to classical music without realising .It is often used in films and advertisements. For example.a famous piece of classical music was used as the theme music for the 1990 World Cup . Not many people could have given its name , but millions enjoyed it .
Also,some people point out that young people produce new music based on classical ideas: for example, it is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912, but it is now used by young people in pop music.
However, young people point to the fact that classical music has been outstripped(超越) by technology. To play a classical instrument, such as a violin, you need to study hard and practise for hours. Nowadays, you don't need to get aching arms from practising. A teenager can write and make music using a computer program in the comfort of their own bedroom.
A final point to in mind is that the term "classical music" is used to refer to a great variety of music, from jazz to pieces  for large orchestras(管弦乐队).This makes it even more difficult to say whether classical music is relevant to young people.
So, it may be only a minority of young people who play classical instruments , but when it comes to enjoying classical music, it depends on the piece of music. It may be more relevant to young people in the modern world than they realise!

Title	Classical Music
Introduction	The issue of whether classical music is        to young people causes heated debate.
Opinions	Evidence
★ Classical music is associated only with old peonl.	☆     of the audience at a classical concert are over fifty.
★ Many young people don’t      some music they listen to is classical.	☆ Classical music is often found in films and advertisements.
★ Classical ideas provide a     for producing new music.	☆ Young people now      rap in popular music.
★     has put classical music at a disadvantage.	☆ A young man can write and make music on a computer       in his bedroom.
★ “Classical music”can refer to various       of music.	☆ Classical music       from jazz to pieces for large orchestras.
Conclusion	Classical music may still be       by young people today.

阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
The World Bank, the United Nations and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine did a study to urge hand-washing around the world. They found that one million lives could be saved each year if people washed their hands with soap often. They said that programs to increase hand-washing with soap could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious disease.
Doctors say, many diseases can be prevented from spreading by hand-washing. These include pinworms(寄生虫), influenza(流感), the common cold, hepatitis(肝炎) A, meningitis(脑 膜炎) and infectious diarrhea(腹泻).
Hand-washing destroys germs from other people, animals or objects a person has touched. When people get bacteria on their hands, nose or mouth, they can infect themselves by touching their eyes, nose or mouth. Then these people can infect other people.
The experts say the easiest way to catch a cold is to touch your nose or eyes after someone nearby has sneezed or coughed. Another way to become sick is to eat food prepared by someone whose hands were not clean.
The experts say that hand-washing is especially important before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet. People should wash their hands after handling animals or animal waste, and after cleaning a baby. The experts say it is also a good idea to wash your hands after handling money and after sneezing or coughing. And it is important to wash your hands often when someone in your home is sick. The experts say the most effective way to wash your hands is to rub them together while using soap and warm water. They say you do not have to use special antibacterial  soap. Be sure to rub all areas of the hands for about ten to fifteen seconds.  The rubbing action helps remove germs. Then rinse(冲洗) the hands with water and dry them.
Title:      

	Hand-washing could be among the most effective ways to reduce infectious diseases.
Many can be prevented.	Pinworms, influenza, the common cold, hepatitis A, meningitis and infectious diarrhea.
to   do hand-washing	●Before and after preparing      . ●Before eating and after using the   . ●After cleaning a baby. ●After handling money and after sneezing or    coughing. ●When there is a         in your home.
to   do hand-washing	●Rubbing them together while using       and warm water. ●Rubbing all areas of the hands for about 10-15 seconds and rinsing the hands with water and dry them.
How hand-washing works	Hand-washing     up  germs  from  other  people,  animals  or  objects  a person has touched.

阅读下列短文并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词，每空格1词（共10个小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
Zebras have their own bug repellent(驱虫剂)?
Eww bugs! They are so annoying! We humans are lucky that we can apply repellents to avoid nasty bites. But what’s an animal to do? They have no choice but to spend their days shooing them off with their tails, unless, of course, they are zebras, who apparently have their own automatic repellent--- their striped skin!
Scientists had originally thought that the reason why the animal had developed the black and white lines was to help protect itself from predators in the African savannah, because the stripes make it difficult to single out one zebra that is traveling with a herd.While that may be true, the theory has never been tested or proven. Now the experts have another---that the stripes have evolved to repel the annoying horse flies that not only feed off their blood, but also, transmit dangerous germs into the bodies of these innocent animals.
The study was performed by a team of Swedish scientists. One of the clues that got them thinking along these lines was the fact that darker horses got bitten more often than light-colored or white ones.
The fact that zebras are born black and only develop strips as they grow older made the scientists theorize that the stripes may be something the animals have developed to make themselves less attractive to flies.
To test if this may be the case, they painted some boards at a horse-infested horse farm in Budapest with patterns of black and white stripes of varying widths and applied a layer of glue on them. What they noticed was that the places where the black and white stripes were at their narrowest (similar to what zebras have) attracted the fewest flies. They achieved similar results when they painted horses with black and white zebra-like stripes.
While the research are not sure why this may be the case, they believe it may be something to do with the way insects operate---horseflies are attracted to horizontally polarized light（偏振光）; since white does not reflect it, white horses are luckier than black ones. But zebras seem to be the luckiest of all. When the researchers measured the polarized light reflected from real zebra skins, they found that it matched light patterns that were the least attractive to horseflies.
While this theory does make logical sense, nobody is 100 percent sure that it is really true, given that it has never been tested on a real zebra. If it is true, it does raise the question of why a horse, a close relative of the zebra has failed to develop stripes. The researchers believe that this could be because there are more horseflies in Africa, where zebras reside, then anywhere else in the world.

Title	Zebras have their own bug repellent?
Reasons for zebras developing their strips	Original belief	With the black and white lines, one zebra is difficult to single out while traveling with a herd, thus ______ it from its enemies.
New theory	Zebras, residing in Africa where there are most horseflies in the world ,have developed strips to avoid being_______ .
A study	Researchers	A team of scientists from _______
________	To test if strips are developed to make zebras less attractive to flies.
Clues	*White or light-colored horses are less _____ to get bitten than dark ones. *Zebras develop strips as they grow older though born black .
Method	*Some boards at a horse farm are painted with patterns of black and white stripes variously ______ , a layer of glue applied on them *Measured the polarized light reflected from real zebra skins
________	*The places where the black and white stripes were similar to the ______zebras have attracted the fewest flies *Strips of zebras matched light patterns that were the least attractive to horseflies
Principle of zebras’ black and white strips repelling the flies	Horizontally polarized light, which white does not reflect, _______ to horseflies.
Conclusion	_______tested on real zebras, the theory isn’t definitely true.

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Trust is in rare supply these days. People are having trouble trusting each other, according to an AP-GFK poll conducted in November 2013, which found that Americans are suspicious of each other in their everyday life. Only one-third of Americans say most people can be trusted—down from half who felt that way in 1972. A record high of nearly two-thirds says “you can’t be too careful” in dealing with people in 2013.
This can be carried over into the workplace, where employees want their leaders to be more trustworthy. Employees have grown tired of unexpected outcomes resulting from the lack of preparation. They want to be informed of any change management efforts before—not after the fact. Employees desire to know what is expected of them and be given the opportunity to better themselves, rather than be told they are not qualified for new roles and responsibilities.
Here are four early warning signs for you to course-correct when employees are having trouble trusting their leaders.
Lack courage
Leaders that don’t stand up for what they believe in are difficult to respect and trust. Too many leaders waste too much of their valuable time trying to act like other leaders in the organization—rather than attempting to establish their own identity and leadership style. Employees know that if their leaders are not savvy (精明) enough to move themselves into a position of greater influence, it will make it much more difficult for them to get noticed and discovered as well. When leaders lack the courage to enable their full potential and that of others, it becomes a challenge to trust.
Self-centered
When a leader is only looking out for themselves and lacks any sense of commitment to the advancement of their employees—this shuts off employees quickly. Great leaders are great coaches and are always looking to help their employees grow. When leaders lack any real desire to coach or 'guide the career advancement of their employees—it becomes increasingly difficult for employees to trust them. But when leaders are too disruptive (指手画脚), their employees sense that they are in it for themselves and/or don’t trust the talent around them.
Reputation issues
When people begin to speak negatively about their leader, it makes it more difficult for others to trust their intentions. For example, look at what has happened to President Barack Obama since December 2009 when his approval rating was 69%. Four years later, Obama’s approval rating is at 43%. Many who have followed him for years are now having trouble trusting him.
Every leader must be aware that they are constantly being evaluated and thus they can never grow self-satisfied. When they do, this begins to negatively impact their reputation and the trust employees have in their leadership.
Inconsistent Behavior
People are more inclined to trust those who are consistent with their behavior. Isn’t it easy to begin questioning one’s judgment when they are inconsistent? When everyone but the leader is on board with a strategy—you begin to wonder if their intentions are to support the organization’s advancement or their own. Leaders need to refresh their leadership style before they lose the trust of their employees.
This is what today leaders must consider: how to lead in new ways that focus less on oneself, but more on the betterment of a healthier whole.

Trust between employees and their leaders
Problem	【1】 _________ has been declining among Americans in their daily life as well as in the workplace.
Employees’ hopes for leaders 【2】 _________ trust	● Employees want to be 【3】 _________ to get prepared for any change management efforts in advance. ● Employees desire to know their leaders’ expectations of them and want to get 【4】 _________ to better themselves.
Warnings for leaders to 【5】 _________ the breakdown of trust	● Don’t 【6】 _________ other leaders and stand up for what you believe in. ● Be 【7】 _________ to helping your employees grow. ● Never let 【8】 _________ negatively impact your reputation. ● Behave【9】 _________ or your judgment will be questioned.
Suggestion	For leaders, more focus on the betterment of a healthier whole should be taken into 【10】 _________.

Harmless fun and bullying(欺负) separated by a very thin line.This line is crossed on a daily basis，without being known.This full extent of this line crossing isn’t often felt until much later.Blind eyes are often being turned，and the problem is becoming more and more serious.
Harmless fun occurs when nobody has hurt feelings and laughter follows.There is no harm in the fun，and all people can enjoy the joking.Bullying occurs when someone is looked down upon.Not every joke is funny,and sometimes we can cruelly hurt somebody without our knowledge.
The most difficult part of the line between harmless fun and bullying is the simple fact that everybody has their own line，and even it’s different from time to time，depending on a certain character.Everybody has their own limit of tolerance，and harmless fun that is close to bullying usually gather up the bottled emotions that are ready to break out.No matter how strong the friendships are，words can treat them apart from the root，destroying the very foundation that they have been built upon.
The key is that the line should never be crossed.Harmless fun has its time and place，since laughter is the best medicine for what worries you，but it should never be taken to the extreme，where someone is feeling down.
　The best possible way to ensure that you aren’t the one responsible for linecrossing is to think before you speak.We should first try to understand before we try to be understood.If the words you feel like saying to someone aren’t the words you would want to say to your parent，brother，child，or good friend，then chances are that you should think of something else to say.
Saying things behind someone else’s back is no good，either，because those words often find their target finally，and usually the comments have been misunderstood and the intention，while perhaps harmless，tends to turn towards bullying.
Title：Harmless Fun and Bullying

______	People often cross the line between harmless fun and bullying，resulting in bullying，which is often hidden.
_______	Harmless fun	Hurting nobody’s _______ and bringing laughter
Bullying	●Making someone feel _______ ●Hurting somebody unconsciously
Reasons	●People’s own line differing from time to time because of _______ ●Harmless fun possibly turning into bullying once it develops ____ people’s own limit of tolerance
_______	●Trying not to_______ ●Dealing with harmless fun properly especially when one is______ ●_______________ ●Trying to understand before trying to be understood. ●Regarding the listener as your parent，brother，child or good friend ●Not making comments behind one’s back in order to avoid being misunderstood